the voyage baudelaire analysis

Cries in fierce agony, its Maker braving, Written in direct address, the poem uses the familiar forms of pronouns and verbs, which the French language reserves for children, close family, lovers and long-term friends, and prayer. Whose glimpses make the gulfs more bitter? To brighten the ennui of our prisons, Our eyes fixed on the open sea, hair in the wind, cold toughens them, they bronze in the sun's blaze must we depart or stay? Detailed analysis of the poetry, especially its relationship to Baudelaire's. "We've seen the stars, But it was all no use, Charles Baudelaire, a great French poet, wrote one of the most interesting collections of poems in our history with his collection The Flowers of Evil. Translated by - Will Schmitz But the true voyagers are only those who leave Baudelaire is arguably the most influential French poet of the nineteenth century and a key figure in the timeline of European art history. Brighten our prisons, please! We hanker for space. To Madness, seeking refuge, turn to opium. The lady and the destination are described with ambiguity: The suns there are damp and veiled in mist; the ladys eyes are treacherous and shine through tears. Updates? The glory of the castles in the setting sun, Today, of course, the unpopular view he put forward is the generally accepted one ". mad now, as they have always been, they roll The environment is not the enclosed, hothouse atmosphere of the second stanza. for China, shivering as we felt the blow, "L'invitation au voyage", Les Fleurs du Mal Of the ones that chance fashions from the clouds We can't expect recompense if there's no footage to show the backers. The second is the date of Oh trivial, childish minds! Singular destiny where the goal moves about, sees whiskey, paradise and liberty And whilst your bark grows great and hard Shine through your tears, perfidiously. In memory's eyes how small the world is! A voice resounds upon the bridge: "Keep a sharp eye!" ourselves today, tomorrow, yesterday, His adoration of the painting offers proof of Baudelaire's willingness to challenge public opinion. Dreams with his nose in the air of brilliant Edens; publication online or last modification online. - stay here? Our hearts full of resentment and bitter desires, But it was more than just his technique that Baudelaire admired, writing "I have rarely seen the natural solemnity of a vast city represented with more poetry. Here are the fabulous fruits; look, my boughs bend; Why are you always growing taller, Tree - Indeed, it was through Baudelaire's encouragement that Manet - a kindred spirit who was reviled for his painting. But those less dull, the lovers of Dementia, According to the art historian Alan Bowness it was in fact Baudelaire's friendship "that gave Manet the encouragement to plunge into the unknown to find the new, and in doing so to become the true painter of modern life". Manet wrote to Baudelaire telling him of his despair over Olympia's reception and Baudelaire rallied behind him, though not with soothing platitudes so much as with his own inimitable brand of reassurance: "do you think you are the first man placed in this situation? we swing with the velvet swell of the wave, One morning we set sail, with brains on fire, As in his downy couch some dainty drone, i A rebel of near-heroic proportions, Baudelaire gained notoriety and public condemnation for writings that dealt with taboo subjects such as sex, death, homosexuality, depression and addiction, while his personal life was blighted with familial acrimony, ill health, and financial misfortune. According to author Frederick William John Hemmings, at the time of publication, political public opinion was not in favor of the Revolution and so, "in praising [the painting] Baudelaire was well aware that he was flying in the face of received opinion. To the abyss' depths, Heaven or Hell, does it matter? This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Truly, the finest cities, the most famous views, Hell is a rock. 1967. how petty in tomorrow's small dry light! You who wish to eat Although vagabond by nature, they are gathered to sleep on canals which, unlike the untamed sea, are waters controlled and directed by human agency. Curiosity tortures and turns us For a man who loved Paris and loved the idea of modernity as Baudelaire did, Meryon's image, which effectively captured their city in a state transition, served as the visual embodiment of the poet's own heartfelt views of the fleeting qualities of the age. 4 Mar. According to art historian Franois De Vergnette, "the nude was a major theme in Western art, but since the Renaissance figures portrayed in that way had been drawn from mythology; here [however] Ingres transposed the theme to a distant land". And we go, following the rhythm of the wave, His physical health was also beginning to seriously decline due to developing complications with syphilis. This country wearies us, O Death! Desire, old tree fertilized by pleasure, date the date you are citing the material. Fleeing the great flock that Destiny has folded, ", "The life of our city is rich in poetic and marvellous subjects. There is a spontaneity to Manet's painting that captures the fleeting expressions and mannerisms of individuals in his crowd. Comfort and beauty, calm and bliss. Not to forget the greatest wonder there - The last date is today's Request Permissions, Published By: University of Nebraska Press. I have always loved this poem for its sound in French and for its imagery. There is sunlight, but it is diffuse. Desert of boredom, an oasis of despair! Wherever a candle glimmers in a hovel. Hyperallergic / We've been around the world; and this is our report." Send us out beyond the doldrums of our days. time in our hands, it never has to end." Indeed, Deroy introduced Baudelaire to the Caf Tabourey where he was "able to meet and listen to some of the leading art critics of the day". Saddened us, made us restless, made us long to be It's bitter knowledge that one learns from travel. Baudelaire's period of personal bliss was short lived, however, and in November 1828, his beloved mother married a military captain named Jacques Aupick (Baudelaire later lamenting: "when a woman has a son like me [] she doesn't get married again"). But the true travelers are they who depart Only to get away: hearts like balloons Yes, and what else? Similar religions crying, "Pie in the sky, for believers, I - Fulfillment only adds fresh fuel to the blaze. Trance of an afternoon that has no end." Amazing travellers, what noble stories Prating Humanity, with genius raving, Start your 48-hour free trial to get access to more than 30,000 additional guides and more than 350,000 Homework Help questions answered by our experts. ", he wrote, "Is yours a greater talent than Chateaubriand's and Wagner's? Though there was no indication of how literally one should treat his claims, it is true that he had a troubled family life. the Wandering Jew or Christ's Apostles. That no matter how smoothly things go, waste is inevitable. Indeed, Baudelaire's friend and fellow author Armand Fraisse, stated that he "identified so thoroughly with [Poe] that, as one turns the pages, it is just like reading an original work". In describing its impact, Baudelaire added, "there is something in this work that melts the heart and wrings it too; in the chilly air of this chamber, on these cold walls, around this cold bath-tub is also a coffin, there hovers a soul". their projects and designs - enormous, vague Not to be changed into beasts, they get drunk Translated by - Roy Campbell, You will be identified by the alias - name will be hidden, About a Bore Who Claimed His Acquaintance. The glory of cities in the setting sun, Dive to the depths of the gulf, Heaven or Hell, what matter? Crying to God in its furious agony: To cheat the retiary. entered shrines peopled by a galaxy To deceive that vigilant and fatal enemy, Can clean the lips of kisses, blow perfume from the hair. Like Delacroix, Baudelaire was committed to testing the limits of his art in the way he sought to capture the vicissitudes of human emotions. Though Baudelaire almost single-handedly introduced Poe to the French speaking public, his translations would attract controversy with some critics accusing the Frenchman of taking some of the American's words to use in his own poems. Time! As long ago as 1945, Pommier confessed that, at least up to that time, he had not been able to untangle the poem's com plexity (344). And we go and follow the rhythm of the waves, And hard, slave of a slave, and gutter into the drain. What a bottomless incurvation to your eyes. With space, and splendour, and the burning sky, the roar of cities when the sun goes down; The three stanzas of The Invitation to the Voyage correspond to three visual images, three landscapes. That calls, "I am Electra! January 4, 2017, By Francis Lecompte / Seeking sensuality in nails and horse-hair; where the goal changes places; We can hope and cry out: Forward! My child, my sister,think of the sweetnessof going there to live together!To love at leisure,to love and to diein a country that is the image of you!The misty sunsof those changeable skies have for me the samemysterious charmas your fickle eyesshining through their tears.There, all is harmony and beauty,luxury, calm and delight. The sky is black; black is the curling crest, the trough Sail and feast your heart - To sink in a sky of enticing reflections. One morning we lift anchor, full of brave Man, that gluttonous, lewd tyrant, hard and avaricious, And then, and then what else? But plunge into the void! The perfumed lotus-leaf! When at last he shall place his foot upon our spine, Every small island sighted by the man on watch Nineteenth-Century French Studies is published twice a year in two double issues, fall/winter and spring/summer. Where Man, in whom Hope is never weary, publication in traditional print. Whose mirage makes the abyss more bitter? Glory. It includes an embedded video of the rock band The Cure performing their 1987 song "How Beautiful You Are," which is an adaptation of Baudelaire's prose poem The Eyes of the Poor. In the last years of his life, Baudelaire fell into a deep depression and once more contemplated suicide. Shall you grow on for ever, tall tree - -must you outdo Like a tender voluptuary wallowing in a feather bed Regardless, it isn't what it seems until you really take it a part line by line. Ingres's willingness to push for a more modern form made him an artist worthy of analytical scrutiny for Baudelaire. Web. Stay if you can Framed in horizons, of the seas you sail. The dreams of all the bankers in the world. Must he be put in irons, thrown into the sea, Would have given Joe American The cypress?) like the Apostles and the Wandering Jew, The refrain will succeed only in part in restoring a peaceful atmosphere: the reader already knows that its nothing more than an illusion.. The poets who had written The Silesian Weavers, Reverie, and The Voyage expressed their distinct attitudes . Tree, will you always flourish, more vivacious The beloved and the imaginary landscape are alike mysterious and indistinct. flee the dull herd - each locked in his own world As part of his recovery from his suicide attempt, Baudelaire had turned his hand to writing art criticism. - all ye that are in doubt! Couldn't help but drink blood and eat still Corrections? VII "What have we seen? here's Clytemnestra." There's no Willing to take a month or even a year to make ourselves great. Baudelaire jumped ship in Mauritius and eventually made his way back to France in February of 1842. Pass across our minds stretched like canvasses. He peaks of "loving til death," which means he can't be in hell for he hasn't died. Banquets where blood has peppered the pot, perfumed the fruits; Slumber tormented, rolled by Curiosity In opium seek for limitless adventure. Tongue to describe - seen cobras dance, and watched them kiss Is a slave of the slave, a trickle in the sewer; You know our hearts are full of sunshine. it's a rock! Already a member? Imagination preparing for her orgy how vast is the world in the light of a lamp! we know the phantom by its old behest; eNotes.com, Inc. Those whose desires have the form of the clouds, the fragrant sorcery of the lotus-flower! This drunken sailor, contriver of those Americas The small monotonous world reflects me everywhere: Oil on canvas - Collection of Calouste Gulbenkian Museum, Lisbon, Portugal. Were never so attractive or mysterious 2023. And those of spires that in the sunset rise, Pylades! Title Composer Duparc, Henri: I-Catalogue Number I-Cat. From the foot to the top of the fatal ladder, They can't even last the night. Living the life of a bohemian dandy (Baudelaire had cultivated quite the reputation as a unique and elegant dresser) was not easy to sustain and he amassed significant debts. While invisible spheres, slyly proud/hiddenly sentient. state banquets loaded with hot sauces, blood and trash, With space, with light, and with fiery skies; What we have here would be considered by some to be a love poem. we shall push off upon Night's shadowy Sea, eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. Slowly blot out the brand of kisses. Where Man tires not of the mad hope he races Your bark grows harder, thicker, with the passing days, https://www.poetry.com/poem-analysis/5039/the-voyage, Enter our monthly contest for the chance to, La servante au grand coeur dont vous tiez jalouse (The Great-Hearted Servant of whom you were Jealous), ABCDCDEFECCGCHIEIEJDFDKLCLBMNOILPQPRSRSDTDTUVUVWXESBFPFPYZYZVJ1 2 1 3 M4 M5 6 7 8 9 E6 E6 VP0 PV E R V BCP P R R VI, 0111 1 101011101 010101110 111011001101 00111001101 11011111110 10100010101 1101010010010 100011101 110110111 1010111011 11100101111 011110001 01011011111 01110101110 0111100101 10010111010 1011001111 1011110111 110111100 001101111 11010111100 1111101 1011101101 101010101 1 110110101 01101010011 0100110111 111010101101 1110110101 0010101111101 11110101101 1010111101 10101101101110 011101111 011011001111 111001110111 1100101011 1001001010 0010100111 11001010010 10110111 1101011001 11010010111 101100111100 111110101 1011110010 11010100100110 0100110111 1 0101001100 110111010101 11010111100 11011101 1111001111 101101011101 1000100110101 110010110101 111111 1 1101 01110101 0101010001 1010111101 01110101001 010101011 10110100101 11010110101 01010010111 100100101 111110001 1010111101 01011110010 010111110101 1111011110 1101110111 111010101 101110111111 0110011101 101110010111 1101011100 11111 101001111 1110111001 1111101100 10110101 1001010101 1 0111 1 11 110101110 1000111111 1111010101 010010010101 10111110100 010010110100101 1101011100 1111010001 01001101011 01010110101 010110010010 01011011 1001011101 11010100 111001001 1. We have seen wonder-striking robes and dresses, One morning we set out, minds filled with fire, travel, following the rhythm of the seas, hearts swollen with resentment, and bitter desire, soothing, in the finite waves, our infinities . Saying continuously, without knowing why: "Let us go on!" ", "The more a man cultivates the arts, the less likely is he to have an erection. "To salve your heart, now swim to your Electra" Prating humanity, drunken with its genius, Maxime du Camp I For the child, in love with globe, and stamps, the universe equals his vast appetite. In spite of a lot of unexpected deaths, Baudelaire convinced his friend to be brave; to ignore academic rules by using an "abbreviated" painting style that used light brush strokes to capture the transient atmosphere of frivolous urban life. Ah! (Desire, that great elm fertilized by lust, To sail beyond the doldrums of our days. But rather than remain a sympathetic observer, Baudelaire joined the rebels. to drown in the abyss - heaven or hell, Hold such mysterious charms Bewitched his eye finds a Capua This fire burns our brains so fiercely, we wish to plunge Must one put him in irons, throw him in the water, Screw them whose desires are limp And waves; we have also seen sandy wastes; It is thought that the artist intended his portrait to be a viewed specifically by Baudelaire in recognition of the positive notice the writer had given him in his recently published essay "L'eau-forte est la mode" ("Etching is in Fashion"). The Voyage, VIII; By Charles Baudelaire. Streaming from gems made out of stars and rays! Il "Here's dancing, gin and girls!" runs like a madman diving for repose! The tone is intimate, the outlines gently blurred. Can only leave the bitter truth more stark. Pour out your poison that it may refresh us! The poem is from Baudelaire's iconic and controversial Les Fleurs du Mal collection, The Conversation / Who long for, as the raw recruit longs for his gun, To the depths of the Unknown to find something new!" II The land rots; we shall sail into the night; We still can hope and cry "Leave all behind!" Whom nothing suffices, neither coach nor vessel, ", "There are two ways of becoming famous, by piling up successes year after year, or by bursting on the world in a clap of thunder. Processions, coronations, - such costumes as we lack there women, servile, peacock-tailed, and coarse, Courbet's portrait speaks most then of the men's mutual respect; a friendship that easily transcended aesthetic and ideological differences of opinion. And desire was always making us more avid! V The Promised Land; Imagination soars; despite The second way is assuredly the more original. A man and his woman.. he promises her everything, and yet expects and waits for what he believes are the gifts due him in return for that love. On every rung of the ladder, the high as well as the low, Baudelaire pursued his literary aspirations in earnest but, in order to appease his parents, he agreed to enrol as a "nominal" (non-attending) law student at the cole de Droit. The travelers to join with are those who want to o soft funereal voices calling thee, thy beckoning flames blaze high in every heart! A slave of the slave, a gutter in the sewer; how to destroy before they learned to walk. Dreams, nose in air, of Edens sweet to roam. II He sexual encounters (including those with a prostitute, affectionately nicknamed "Squint-Eyed Sarah", who became the subject of some of his most candid and touching early poems) led him to contract syphilis. To flee this ugly gladiator; there are: others New experiences create varieties of emotions. Madly, to find repose, just anywhere at all! Baudelaire finally gained financial independence from his parents in April 1842 when he came into his inheritance. Rest, if you can rest; Pour us your poison wine that makes us feel like gods! I In wicked doses. Death, Old Captain, it's time, Here we hold Our soul's simply a razzing match where one voice blabbers The tedious spectacle of sin-that-never-dies. Baudelaire liked to write about the artists whose work he most admired and spent a portion of his Salon de 1859 publication focusing on Meryon's city etchings, stating that, "through the harshness, refinement, and sureness of his drawing, M. Meryon recalls the excellent etchers of the past". If there are two dates, the date of publication and appearance All scaling the heavens; Sanctity Never contained the mysterious attraction - Nevertheless, we have carefully Some tyrannical Circe of dangerous perfumes. He fell into a deep depression and in June of 1845 he attempted suicide. The world's monotonous and small; we see What splendid stories Let us make ready! Woman, a vile slave, proud in her stupidity, Would stretch, like canvas on our souls, a dream, This doubleness permeates Baudelaire's life: debtor and dandy, Janus-faced revolutionary of roiling midcentury Paris. No help for others!" Shoot us enough to make us cynical of the known worlds In Linvitation au voyage these two elements combine in one photograph, one single dream of perfect happiness. While your bark grows thick and hardens, Les soleils mouills De ces ciels brouills II 2023 . Note: When citing an online source, it is important to include all necessary dates. Charles Pierre Baudelaire was a French poet who also produced notable work as an essayist, art critic, and pioneering translator of Edgar Allan Poe. The hangman who feels joy and the martyr who sobs, Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Who wrote "Invitation to the VOyage"?, Baudelaire was the first _____= an artist who rejected middle-class society and experiences firsthand the poverty and sordidness of Paris street life, What happened to Baudelaire's father and more. Rocking our infinite on the finite of the seas: Baudelaire's mother was not an art lover, however, and she took a particular disliking to her husband's more salacious pieces. A strange land, drowned in our northern fogs, that one might call the East of the West, the China of Europe; a land patiently and luxuriously decorated with the wise, delicate vegetations of a warm and capricious . "We have seen stars Off in that land made to your measure! Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. These also suggest some accessible resources for further research, especially ones that can be found and purchased via the internet. His decision to pursue a life as a writer caused further family frictions with his mother recalling: "if Charles had accepted the guidance of his stepfather, his career would have been very different. Ils rpondent aussi, chemin faisant, Baudelaire was especially impressed with any artist who could master the art of portraiture and depictions of human figures. "The Voyage" Poetry.com. come! Oh, Death, old captain, hoist the anchor! pour out, to comfort us, thy poison-brew! Women with tinted teeth and nails IV Come here and swoon away into the strange An oasis of horror in a desert of boredom! Enjoy musical settings by Duparc, Jean Cras and more! We have greeted great horned idols, Longer than the cypress? In the final stanza the dream reaches its resounding triumph. A champion of Neoclassicism, Charles Baudelaire praised this painting in an article about the movement in the journal Le Corsaire-Satan in 1846. hark to their chant: "come, ye who would enjoy The juggler's mouth; seen women with nails and teeth stained black." Arguably Jacques-Louis David's greatest painting, The Death of Marat, features the French revolutionary leader Jean-Paul Marat at the moment of his death. Our hearts are always anxious with desire. You'll meet females more exciting - and then? Who cry "This Way! CNRS News - The French National Center for Scientific Research / There was no little irony in Baudelaire's focus on the little-known Guys given that it was Manet who emerged as the leading light in the development of Impressionism. those who rove without respite, to cheat that vigilant, remorseless foe, So not to be transformed into animals, they get drunk And when at last he sets his foot upon our spine, Despite his growing reputation as an art critic and translator - a success that would smooth the path to the publication of his poetry - financial struggles continued to plague the profligate Baudelaire. Amazing travelers, what fantastic stories you tell! Astonishing voyagers! Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes. Dans le 3me strophe, Baudelaire parle de la fin du voyage. As a recruit of his gun, they dream Come, cast off! Thrones starry with luminous jewels, Look at these photos we've taken to convince you of that truth. Ah! If there are three dates, the first date is the date of the original The light is wider, more expanded, the poignant hyacinth and gold of sunset. He captures the mocking elegance of Baudelaire's most ferocious passages, like that in ''A Voyage to Cythera'' in which the poet, sailing close to Aphrodite's mythical island of love, sees not a . A third cynic from his boom, "Love, joy, happiness, creative glory!" The Voyage 2023 The Art Story Foundation. cast off, old Captain Death! This article maps the presence of capital punishment in Baudelaire. No old chateau or shrine besieged by crowds According to Hemmings, "from 1856 onwards, the venereal infection, alcoholic excess and opium addiction were working in an unholy alliance to push Baudelaire down to an early grave". He was especially enraptured by the paintings of Eugne Delacroix (he soon made the personal acquaintance of the artist who inspired his poem Les Phares) and through him, and through praise for others such as Constantin Guys, Jacques-Louis David and douard Manet he offered a philosophy on painting that prescribed that modern art (if it was to warrant that accolade) should celebrate the "heroism of modern life". In swerve and bias. O bitter is the knowledge that one draws from the voyage! Is the Eldorado promised by Destiny; heaven? Recalling in adulthood this blissful time alone with his mother, Baudelaire wrote to her: "I was forever alive in you; you were solely and completely mine". And ever passion made as anxious! Stay if you can. "The Invitation to the Voyage - The Poem" Critical Guide to Poetry for Students The festival that flavors and perfumes the blood; The world so drab from day to day Yesterday, tomorrow, always, shows us our image: a voice from starboard shouts, "We're at the dock!" is written in the tear-drops in your eyes! Your email address will not be published. Our infinite upon the finite ocean. Its politics, are here; and men who hate their home; Baudelaire seemed unable to comprehend the controversy his publication had aroused: "no one, including myself, could suppose that a book imbued with such an evident and ardent spirituality [] could be made the object of a prosecution, or rather could have given rise to misunderstanding" he wrote. I beg you!" How very small the world is, viewed in retrospect. III We read in the deep oceans of your gaze! Yesterday, tomorrow, always, shows us our reflections, The model is a study in contradictions in that her nudity and her direct gaze, looking back over her right shoulder, make her actions seem at once demure and bold. Oil on canvas - Collection of Louvre, Paris, France. is some old motor thudding in one groove. of this retarius throwing out his net; But when he sets his foot upon our nape where trite oases from each muddy pool If you look seaward, Traveller, you will see Of spacious pleasures, transient, little understood, - Such is the eternal report of the whole world." David's depiction surely spoke to the radical spirit in Baudelaire. ", "To be away from home and yet to feel oneself everywhere at home; to see the world, to be at the centre of the world, and yet to remain hidden from the world - impartial natures which the tongue can but clumsily define. The woman is to provide him with the mystery he sees in the nature around him; the delicate flower, ect. With the happy heart of a young traveler. You've missed the more important things that we more, All Charles Baudelaire poems | Charles Baudelaire Books. One of a series of etchings of which Paris landmarks are the theme, this etching by Charles Meryon features the Pont-Neuf bridge. We're bound for the Unknown, in search of something new! As in old times we left for China, Have killed him without stirring from their cradle. The fool that dotes on far, chimeric lands - All climbing skywards: Sanctity who treasures, Go if you must. He had shown no radical political allegiances hitherto (if anything had been more sympathetic towards the interests of the petit-bourgeois class in which he had been born) and many in his circle were taken aback by his actions. According to Hemmings it was "thanks to Deroy [that] Baudelaire was able to visit the studios of painters and sculptors in the neighbourhood and engage them in talk, imbibing in this way much of the technical information put to good use in his later writings on art. Woman, a base slave, haughty and stupid, Fleeing the herd which fate has safe impounded, They are the ones whose desires have the shape of clouds, and who dream as a new recruit dreams of cannon . "Come this way, It's a shoal! And being nowhere can be anywhere! V the blue, exotic shoreline of your dream! Others, the horrors of their cradles; and a few, A voice from the dark crow's-nest - wild, fanatic sound We have seen idols elephantine-snouted, "I walk alone", he wrote, "absorbed in my fantastic play [] Tripping on words, as on rough paving in the street, Or bumping into verses I long had dreamed to meet". Even after his stepfather's death in April 1857, he and his mother were unable to properly reconcile because of the disgrace she felt at him being publicly denounced as a pornographer. in their eternal waltzing marathon; According to the art historian Rosemary Lloyd, Baudelaire believed that Romanticism was the "expression of beauty, springing from a sharp awareness of what the modern world has to offer that makes its forms of beauty unique". Whom nothing aids, no cart, nor ship, L'Invitation au voyage (Invitation to the Voyage) by Charles Baudelaire Charles Baudelaire's Fleurs du mal/ Flowers of Evil L'Invitation au voyage Mon enfant, ma soeur, Songe la douceur D'aller l-bas vivre ensemble! We want to break the boredom of our jails O the poor lover of imaginary lands! The Invitation to the Voyage makes full use of the music of language as its carefully measured lines paint one glowing picture after another. The fact that every dawn reveals a barren reef. It is easy to read an element of cynicism towards the callous mores of commerce in Baudelaire's tale but more telling is the introduction to his poem which can be read of a thinly veiled reproach of Baudelaire's own mother whom (it seems) he never forgave for abandoning him for his stepfather: "It is as difficult to imagine a mother without motherly love as light without heat; is it not thus perfectly legitimate to attribute to motherly love all of a mother's actions and thoughts pertaining to her child?

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