difference between expansive and non expansive soil
(2021). Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 55. Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering. The swelling phenomenon attracted several investigators, first, to explain how it can occur (Sridharan and Prakash, 2016). A sagging or uneven roof can also be the result of soil expansion and shrinkage. Non-expansive clays do exist, however. relatively low in price or charging low prices; 'it would have been cheap at twice the price'; 'inexpensive family restaurants'; Some larger heavier structures are able to suppress pressure and movements associated with the volume changes of expansive soils. This article is published in Vadose Zone Journal.The article was published on 2017-11-01. doi:10.1007/s41062-016-0043-6, Mostafiz, R. B., Friedland, C. J., Rohli, R. V., Bushra, N., and Held, C. L. (2021). Furthermore, soil replacement, use of strong enough structures and structure isolation from the swelling clay are among the three most commonly used techniques (Kalantari, 2012). The article focuses on the topic(s): Expansive clay. doi:10.1080/19648189.2017.1320236. Asphalt and concrete roads, pads or driveways will crack and shift with expansion and contraction. Infrastruct. A threshold value of the ratio C c /C s was identified to distinguish between expansive clay specimens and non-expansive clay specimens. Another very common sign of expansive soil heave is cracking and lifting of the floor slab of a two-car garage. Expansive soils shrink and swell in response to soil moisture levels. It is easy to see the telltale sign of expansive soils, cracks in dry soil, around homes or on specific job sites. On the presumed expansive clays specimens, oedometer tests are preceded by the free swelling test from which the swelling pressure is measured. Expansive clay is a clay soil that is prone to large volume changes (swelling and shrinking) that are directly related to changes in water content. Journal of Research and Reviews in applied Science 1:209217, Dash SK, Hussain M (2012) Lime Stabilization of Soils: Reappraisal. There was no significant difference between the two groups with regard to effects on prostate volume and residual . Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0886-8_45, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0886-8_45, eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0). Sahin, H. (2011). This interaction is modelled by two types of forces: Van der Waals surface forces and the adsorption forces between clay minerals and water molecules. Expansive soils have the ability to drastically swell based on the amount of expansive minerals and moisture that is present in the soil. Landscape architects can design and build on sites with expansive soil if they get the right information and engineering guidance. Damage to the upper floors of the building can occur when motion in the structure is significant. Civil Eng. This shrinkage can remove support from buildings or other structures and result in damaging subsidence. Most homeowners insurance policies do not cover damage caused by expansive soils. The first type of characterization considers the knowledge of expansive soils mineralogy, such as X-ray diffraction analysis (Athmania et al., 2010) or differential thermal analysis, dye adsorption, chemical analysis and scanning electron microscopy. [2], Mitigation of the effects of expansive clay on structures built in areas with expansive clays is a major challenge in geotechnical engineering. 2.2 Testing Procedure. In: Prashant, A., Sachan, A., Desai, C. (eds) Advances in Computer Methods and Geomechanics . This water retention is further compounded by the typical edge-to-edge orientation of the particles found in clay minerals. According to . Shrinking-swelling of clay under the Effect of Hydric Cycles. Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) tests were carried out for different curing periods of 0, 3, 7, 21 and 28days. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Photo. beidellite, vermiculite, attapulgite, nontronite, and chlorite. Soils are composed of a variety of materials, most of which do not expand in the presence of moisture. FIGURE 14. Expansive soils will also shrink when they dry out. Int J Earth Sci Eng 4(6):4245, Al-Mukhtar M, Khattab S, Alcover JF (2012) Microstructure and geotechnical properties of limetreated expansive clayey soil. So, lets unpack this a bit. BM: principal investigator; S.A. Manigniavy: PhD fellow D. Azaiez: Ph D fellow Y. Bouassida: co supervisor of PhD fellow. FIGURE 10. The unique load on the sample is the mass of the porous stone which is converted to a pressure of 0.25kPa. Expansivesoils are responsible for both these phenomena. Journal of Research and Reviews in applied Science 1:209217, Dash SK, Hussain M (2012) Lime Stabilization of Soils: Reappraisal. 2nd Edition. Why? de lquipement N26, 5366. of soil present and determine their expansive properties. (1956). Built Environ. Kalantari, B. ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 24(6):707714, Yadu L, Tripathi RK, Singh D (2011) Comparison of fly ash and rice husk ash stabilized black cotton soil. In this study, two distinct oedometer tests are proposed: only with expansive clay sample (Figure 9A), with expansive clays sample plus a granular layer (Figure 9B). Adjective. The most reported types of damages are cracking of pavements, basement walls, floors, foundations and hydraulic structures. FIGURE 7. TABLE 3. In case of RHA the reduction in strength may be due to the formation of coarse particles which results in lower densities and more void formation. Therefore, the classification method herein presented is in good agreement with several methods for the characterization of expansive soils (Table 3). Now, expansive soils are referred to by names, including expanding soil, expansive clays, shrink-swell soils, and heavable soils. Figure 4 illustrates the occurrence of soil cracking in an expansive clay. Expansion and contraction with changes in moisture content limit expansive soils engineering uses without some sort of modification. The engineer may recommend apost tension slabfor a new home for example orpush/helicalpiers to push through the active zone of soil to hitbedrockfor an existing project. There is a strong correlation between swelling characteristics and basic soil parameters (Kim et al., 2013). 28 (6), 805813. Since 1994 Mintek Resources, Inc. has provided solutions to the Environmental, Construction, Agricultural, Oil & Gas, Waste Water Treatment, Industrial markets & more. Summary of shrink-swell phenomenon. An explanation of such behaviour might be the friction resistance induced between the sand particles. Expansive soils generally contain some form of clay mineral that is able to absorb water and swell when wet then shrink when dry. (B) Free swellTime curve of case 2 (47% Sand +47% S1) under 0.25kPa. The amount of expansive minerals such as montmorillonite, vermiculite and some sulfate salts also affect how much a soil can expand. In addition, these recommendations often include removal of the expansive soils, importation of non-expansive soils, soil chemical treatments, a post-tensioned or structural floor foundation, gutters, and downspouts. The plumb-bob reveals 9 inches of inward displacement. Non-consideration of the current oedometer parameters can be thought of as a minor limitation that can be helpful. See more. This case, illustrated in Figures 13A,B, 1cm of the oedometer ring thickness is filled with expansive soil S1 and 0.9cm remaining with compacted sand (Sand = 1.806g/cm3; wiSand = 5%; 1mm < D 1.250mm). Clay particles are plate-shaped, having a negative charge on their surface in presence of the interstitial water solution and water molecules. In this paper, swelling deformation and pressure tests were conducted to clarify the effects of the initial water content on the swelling properties. J Eng Geol 17(27):139140, Fattah MY, Rahil FH, Al-Soudany KYH (2013) Improvement of clayey soil using rice husk ash. Annual damages associated with expansive soils regularly cost property owners more than tornadoes, floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes combined! Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. When they take on water, they increase in volume. Expansive Soils are soils that have the ability to shrink and/or swell, and thus change in volume, in relation to changes in their moisture content. Hussain, M., and Dash, S. K. (2011). moisture content changes. Expansive soils contain minerals, such assmectite clays, that are prone to absorb copious amounts of moisture. . Data comprises Tunisian and two non-Tunisian soils. (B) Case 2 specimen. expansive: [adjective] having a capacity or a tendency to expand. In a typical year in the United States, they cause a greater financial . New Jersey: Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs. Some expansive minerals present in soils can expand as much as 30 percent! 3 Articles, Proceeding of the 18th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company Inc, Concluding Proceedings Engineering Effects of Moisture Change in Soils, International Research and Engineering Conference on Expansive Clay Soils. Deformation in case 1: (1) = l(1) / l(1) = 0.54 / 19 = 0.028. Eur. Waterproof barriers, proper surface grading and other water flow controls such as rain gutters and French drains can be used to control water penetration. Performing an oedometer test, those two indices can be determined for any saturated soil either expansive or non-expansive. CE32 No.3. Classification of expansive soils based on Cc/Cs ratio and swelling pressure. It was observed that UCS of Lime treatment is approximately 3 times higher than that of RHA treatment. Octahedral sheets are sandwiched between two tetrahedral sheets in 2:1 clays, while 1:1 clays have sheets in matched pairs. When using expansive soils as a part of your sub-base, for example under a road or building pad, it is imperative that you modify the soil in order to substantially reduce the shrink /swell potential, therefore giving your base a longer life span. Hence, the Tunisian Ministry of Equipment, building and infrastructures have made it a priority of special attention when designing foundations on expansive clays. (A) Oedometer curve of a Tunis El Manar Universitys non-expansive soil (SC2-EI21 sample) with Cc/Cs = 19.2. Based on oedometer curves, when the Cc/Cs ratio exceeds 10, the soil is concluded to be either non-swelling or its swelling potential is negligible. Accessed March 19, 2015. Chemical Treatment of Expansive Soil by Different saline Solutions, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering ICGE13, Tunisia, 341349. Master Thesis. Homeowners Insurance and Geologic Hazards. Determination of free swell index of soils, Sivapullaiah PV, Sridharan A (2005) Mini compaction test apparatus for fine. The relation of . Front. Comparison of Cc/Cs ratio method to others methods. structure (mircopores within soil peds and macropores between the soil peds) and (ii) soil state (void ratio and degree of saturation). This phenomenon is reversible when the water content decreases due to evaporation, evapotranspiration and absorption by the roots (Figure 1). This swelling and shrinking is directly related to changes in the water table. The name chlorite comes from the Greek word for green, its typical color. is that extensive is in the nature of an extent, wide, widespread while expansive is able to be expanded. In turn, when Cc/Cs ratio is lower than 8 one can identify expansive soils for which the swell pressure is in the range of 75400kPa. The swelling phenomenon in expansive clays is complex and arises from an electrochemical process. Kaling Taki . This process can be automated by a timer, or using a soil moisture sensor controller. Bulletin No. Laboratory testing is important to determine the soil type and the amount of clay content. When the soil contains very little expansive minerals, it has little expansive potential. In case of non-expansive soil, it was 3.5 times higher in Lime than RHA treatment. When they absorb water, they increase in volume. In the three last decades, the repair of several constructions was affected by extreme damage attributed to the swelling phenomena (Bouassida et al., 2006). Determination of free swell index of soils, Sivapullaiah PV, Sridharan A (2005) Mini compaction test apparatus for fine. The cost of repairing these damages is quite high (Osman and Charlie, 1983; Nuhfer, 1994; Azam et al., 2013). Case 2: Upward vertical displacement vs time displayed in Figure 14B shows a different evolution as recorded for the specimen case 1 (Figure 14A). Kay, J. N. (1990). Fig. Expansive soils have to be considered during the engineering process before construction of buildings, pavements, electrical pylons, pipelines, or other projects can begin. (A) Free swellTime curve of case 1 (only expansive clay) under 0.25kPa. The American Society of Civil Engineers estimates that 1/4 of all homes in the United States have some damage caused by expansive soils. (2012). When a soil contains a large amount of expansive minerals, it has the potential of significant expansion. Chemical treatment of expansive clays and improvement solutions, like using granular material, were proposed (Gueddouda et al., 2013; Fattah et al., 2017, etc.). Master's thesis (College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University, USA). FIGURE 3. Case 1: For the first hour and a half, it is clear that case ones curve, shown in Figure 14A, keeps the swelling at a medium rate, approximately 38.4nm/s. Expansive soil is a kind of soil as opposed to a condition that can be caused in soil. This stress/pressure results in signs and symptoms that can be traced directly back to foundation issues instigated by expansive soil. Well, the answer has to do, at least to some degree, with the topic of expansive soils. The proposed characterization method is based on the Cc/Cs ratio by using data collected from four (04) case histories and selected ones from others countries (Algeria and United States). Soils with smectite clay minerals, including montmorillonite and bentonite, have the most dramatic shrink-swell capacity. Use of Liquid Limit for Characterisation of Expansive Soil Sites. Indian Standard Classification and Identification of Soils for General Engineering Purposes. Advances in Computer Methods and Geomechanics pp 553563Cite as, Part of the Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering book series (LNCE,volume 55). These low rise buildings also typically have shallow foundations which are more susceptible to soil movements than deep foundations found on taller structures. As is known [1,2,3,4,5], an autonomous mobile robot is an automatic device designed to perform industrial, transport, medical, military, space, and other operations, usually without human intervention.To complete the required tasks [6,7,8], this type of robot involves complex . The following table gives the swelling potential of soil as low, medium, high and very high from which we can identify the soil as swelling type or not. (2015). remains constant. The gap between those existing approaches appears in the absence of comparison between those methods. reinforced concrete wall subjected to active pressures induced by expansive clays. Other key factors include initial water content, void ratio, plasticity index and density. Finding the optimum efficiency and thickness of the granular layer to reduce the swelling pressure is the objective. The study focusses on comparative analysis of mechanical properties of Bentonite (expansive soil) and Kaolinite (non-expansive soil) treated with Lime and Rice Husk Ash (RHA). The properties for the two types of soils have been given in Table 1. Compression index (Cc) and the swelling index (Cs) are determined from an oedometer test during which the tested soil specimen is permanently submerged, hence full saturation condition applies for the tested soil specimen during loading and unloading steps. By referring to Sridharan and Prakash (2016), this specimen has low activity and a low probability to swell. CP.3/83. Property Risk Assessment for Expansive Soils in Louisiana. When adding water to expansive clays, their molecules are drawn into the space between the clay particles (Figure 2). Click to Enlarge. This is because the contact between the granular material particles can be a point, line or surface. Then, in colder areas of the great USA, frost can expand water by a whopping 9%! Google Scholar, Nalbantoglu, Z (2006) Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK, Basha EA, Hashim R, Mahmud HB, Muntohar AS (2004) Stabilization of residual soil with rice husk ash and cement. Kim, H-K., Shin, H., and Kang, Y-T. (2013). Figure 2B shows the effect of cation size on cation migration into an interparticle. It is possible to build successfully and safely on expansive soils if stable moisture content can be maintained or if the building can be insulated from any soil volume change that might occur. Second, the implementation of a scaled test model might lead to a better assessment of the use of a granular layer to mitigate the swelling effect. Click to Enlarge. (B) Load distribution by adding a granular layer Sf < Si. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. BRGM/RP-58120-FR, page 17. TABLE 2. New Delhi: BIS. The volume of expansive soils changes according to their moisture content (Figure 1). Copyright 2022 Bouassida, Manigniavy, Azaiez and Bouassida. J Mater Civil Eng 19(3):242248, Neville AM, Brooks JJ (2004) Concrete technology. Given the swelling behaviour of this sample, an oedometer swell test was performed and discussed hereafter. These areas are underlain by soils with little to no clays with swelling potential. IOP Conf. It indicates the capacity of the soil. Such a decision needs a research program that aims to characterize expansive clays suitably and to formulate countermeasures and construction methods to help civil engineers by conducting safe designs and for the execution of foundations on this problematic type of soil. Cracks are a telling sign that expansive soils are present. Paper No. doi:10.1061/jsfeaq.0000431. (A). Documented evidence of the existence of and difficult engineering problems associated with expansive clays and loessial soils is world-wide. Holtz, R. D., Kovacs, W. D., and Sheahan, T. C. (2011). Expansive soils swell when exposed to large amounts of water and shrink when the water evaporates. The results of the moisture content effects on the expansive pressure were not consistent in the literatures. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Photo. Countless buildings in many cities across the globe, both large and small, are built on expansive soils. Characterization of Expansive Clays. Expansive soils generally contain some form of clay mineral that is able to absorb water and swell when wet then shrink when dry. Cracks in expansive soil: Desiccation cracks in soil caused by drying. The more water they absorb, the more their volume increases. Geology for Engineers and Environmental Scientists. In North of Tunisia, several projects are in progress where expansive clays exist from the ground surface and extend to deep layers. First, identify if the soil on your . (Check out our5 Types of Residential Foundations Popular in America: A Brief Foundational Overview. The validation of the suggested method of classification needs, first, the collection of a big number of oedometer data, for expansive and non-expansive soils from different case histories. The merit of the suggested approach is to consider the soil parameters of current use, as determined by the oedometer tests, without consideration of the free-swell test result. 586, 012012. doi:10.1088/1757-899x/586/1/012012, Sridharan, A., and Prakash, K. (2016). Determination of Unconfined compressive strength (first revision), Kumar A, Walia BS, Abjaj A (2007) Influence of fly ash, lime, and polyester fibres on compaction and strength properties of expansive soil. S1 expansive clay characteristics. In: Proceedings of 6th regional conference Africa on Soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Durban, South Africa, Osinubi KJ, Katte VY (1997) Effect of elapsed time after mixing on grain size and plasticity characteristic, I: soil-lime mixe. Part of Springer Nature. J Eng Geol 42(1996):223237, CrossRef 4th Indian reprint, Pearson Education, Delhi, Fang HY (1991) Foundation Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold Publishing Company, Ola SA (1975) Stabilization of Nigeria lateritic soils with cement, bitumen and lime. FIGURE 8. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Learn more. in expansive soil as is illustrated in Fig. The Use of Piers to Prevent the Uplifting of Lightly Loaded Structure Founded on Expansive Soil, in Concluding Proceedings Engineering Effects of Moisture Change in Soils, International Research and Engineering Conference on Expansive Clay Soils. According to Sridharan and Prakash (2016), two characterization types are distinguished. Experimental Study on the Swelling Behavior of Expansive Soil Reinforced with Coir Geotextile, in Proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference 2019: IGC 2019, Volume 4. doi:10.1007/978-981-33-6564_11. Fissures in the soil can also develop. Destruction of hydraulic structures such as buried pipelines, drains, sewage systems and irrigation systems are very dangerous and can be fatal in certain conditions. In a typical year in the United States, they cause a greater financial loss to property owners than earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, and tornadoes combined. J Eng Geol 30:141149, Saeed KA, Kassim KA, Yunus NZ, Nur H (2013) Characterization of hydrated lime-stabilized brown kaolin clay. Both shrinking and swelling are structurally unstable soil characteristics. Soil Mech. It also includes soils that have a clay mineral composition which can potentially cause damage. Moving soil exerts tremendous pressure on paving, footings, and foundations. (reaffirmed 1987). Schemes of (A) expansion of a clay particle and (B) insertion of cations with their relative dimensions (Civan, 2016). The second factor overcoming the swelling behaviour is the migration of cations. Determination of Unconfined compressive strength (first revision), Kumar A, Walia BS, Abjaj A (2007) Influence of fly ash, lime, and polyester fibres on compaction and strength properties of expansive soil.