white lotus rebellion

The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. Grandmother. In its last stage, the Ch'ing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. . Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. These three Atlantic RevolutionsAmerican, French, and Haitianwere part of a broader world crisis at the end of the eighteenth century. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. The White Lotus Rebellion was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Since the 1340s, the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was experiencing problems. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The rebellion was started by some elements of the millenarian Tianli Sect () or Heavenly Principle Sect, which was a branch of the White Lotus Sect. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. [10], The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. Others began to openly call for the overthrow of the existing regime and replace it with a constitutional rule. #ga-ad {display: none;} Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol -led Yuan dynasty. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government in 1804, it marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. . In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. Sikh uprisings against the Mughal Empire in India, Pugachev's Revolt in the Russian Empire, and the White Lotus Rebellion in China mirrored the rebellions in the Atlantic world. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Imperial forces. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { The White Lotus is a syncretic religious and political movement which forecasts the imminent advent of the "King of Light" , i.e., the future Buddha Maitreya. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. ." What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? Under the Ming and the Qing, the movement existed in small, secret congregations and its doctrines were spread through baojuan ("precious volumes . As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. Nevertheless, where can you catch hints that the -angel longs for his former state? ", Dai, Yingcong. "Rebellion and Religious Identity: The Case of the White Lotus Uprising (17961804)", This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10. After the strnggle had lasted six years, Lin Chi-hich was captunredd. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. //. "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. That history stretched back at least as far as 221 BCE when Qin Shi Huangdi first united China into a single empire. Imperial Mistakes We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. id The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hngjn Qy) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrowing. At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. The White Lotus led impoverished slaves to freedom, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. In 1896, Yan Fu translated Herbert Spencer's treatises on social Darwinism. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. Talking about Yuan's decline and fall, you should learn something about White Lotus Society. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Buddhist sects, such as the White Lotus sect, a group that attracted many followers among the Chinese lower classes. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. This humiliation showed all of China's subjects, neighbors, and tributaries that the once-mighty China was now weak and vulnerable. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Matt, I think religion played an important rule in peasants' rebellion in ancient China. The feared Manchu banners, since their conquests of the early 1700s, showed they were no longer a military force of much value, and the emperor had to recruit a new army made up of Chinese militia. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). "Tianlijiao ", in. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. The rules of Emperor Kangxi from 1661 to 1772 and Emperor Qianlong from 1735 to 1796 were still considered the golden age of prosperity. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. Barend Joannes Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. List of battleships of the United States Navy, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37359117/Bodycount-Final, http://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA9, History of Chinese Culture on History.com. Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. (present perfect, tell). ", Dai, Yingcong. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the densely forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless peasant refugees(liumin, see also shed people) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. Dimitri Vegas, Steve Aoki The White Lotus Theme (Aloha!) Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Ch'ien-lung (1711-1799) was the fourth emperor of the Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty in China. What anecdote, or short personal story, does Didion tell at the beginning of the essay "Georgia O'Keeffe"? Update now. A pattern emerged of growing rice in the valley bottoms, corn on the lower mountain slopes, and Irish potatoes on the higher land. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). A decree from the Emperor Daoguang admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu.

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