how does flak ammunition work

Unreal Tournament is a series of multiplayer first person shooters made by Epic Games. [9], Given their previous work on radio and radiosondes at NBS, Diamond and Hinman developed the first all solid-state[when? Nickel construction with gold gilt high lights. [citation needed] The British then adopted the simplified design as the Mk VII bullet. Fuze assembly was completed at General Electric plants in Schenectady, New York and Bridgeport, Connecticut. Thomas Kirkman May 27, 2020 @ 1:20pm. Flak in World War II takes the reader from the invasion of Poland in 1939 right to the last Japanese aircraft shot down by AA fire in August 1945. Some sectioned shells from the First World War. But what about people. It's also against Geneva conversations to use flak guns against infantry. It was the invention of the VT radar proximity fuse. SKU:CO5613468. The 3D kit is a Sondernhnger Sd. Though deadly, the effective range of these bullets was only 350 yards (320 m), as the phosphorus charge burned quickly. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Getting that right was harder than you would think with the limited means of getting the planes altitude and speed right and they would only have a few minutes at most to do so. All aircraft were susceptible to flak. There are few weapons (aside from shotguns and large game hunting rifles) which have been built that fire projectiles between .50 caliber (0.50 inches/12.7 mm, roughly 13 mm caliber) and 20mm caliber, though the 14.5 mm caliber is used by some Soviet machineguns such as the KPV and antitank rifles such as PTRS, PTRD, and . Which aircraft type could withstand the most damage? In 1944 the battleship USS Missouri bristled with twenty 5 inch, eighty 40mm and over forty-nine 20mm cannon. [54], Vannevar Bush, head of the U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) during the war, credited the proximity fuze with three significant effects. As the missile cruises towards its target the laser energy simply beams out into space. [9] Rockets have relatively low acceleration and no spin creating centrifugal force, so the stresses on the delicate electronic fuze are relatively benign. This signal is sent through a band-pass filter, amplified, and triggers the detonation when it exceeds a given amplitude. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. [2] The British Royal Flying Corps forbade the use of incendiary ammunition for air-to-air combat with another airplane, as their use against personnel was at first considered to be a violation of the St. Petersburg Declaration. amtifo backup camera troubleshooting. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. A fireball from a kamikaze attack engulfs the USS Columbia during a battle near the Philippines in 1945. At the start of The Blitz, it was estimated that it took 20,000 rounds to shoot down a single aircraft, [6] other estimates put the figure as high as 100,000[7] or as low as 2,500. It was considered (and later patented by Brandt) for use with anti-aircraft missiles fired from the ground. Physicorium: good all-rounder against unarmored targets, has almost twice the standard damage. Definitions of flak . [41] In addition to extreme acceleration, artillery shells were spun by the rifling of the gun barrels to close to 30,000 rpm, creating immense centrifugal force. The British shared a wide range of possible ideas for designing a fuze, including a photoelectric fuze and a radio fuze, with United States during the Tizard Mission in late 1940. Like other Turrets, Periscopes are typically used to aim and fire Coilguns. What is the safe score in JEE Mains 2021? The anti-aircraft artillery range at Kirtland Air Force Base in New Mexico was used as one of the test facilities for the proximity fuze, where almost 50,000 test firings were conducted from 1942 to 1945. The idea of a proximity fuse had long been considered militarily useful. The versatile 88mm cannon was Germany's main heavy antiaircraftor "flak"gun during World War II. This problem was resolved by taking advantage of the change in frequency of the reflected signal. One may use a timed fuse in the shell. [48] Testing also occurred at Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland, where about 15,000 bombs were fired. AA guns are actually rather effective against soft ground targets, too. Thank you. The Germans used flak guns against the 82nd and allied infantry during the battles in the Ardenne. The versatile 88mm cannon was Germany's main heavy antiaircraftor flakgun during World War II. Most Allied bombers and fighters were armoured against fighter attack, but not flak. The belt had 10 pockets. When the flak batteries pinpointed an aircraft the guns were fired in salvos designed to burst in a sphere of 60 yards in diameter in which it was hoped to entrap the target. Having a flexible doctrine, the Germans used their anti-aircraft pieces in ground support . Veteran rocker Rod Stewart has no doubt what outcome of the Ukraine-Russia war would most benefit humanity, telling an interviewer he's backing Ukraine because, "If the Ukrainians lose it's the end of civilization as we know it.". This article focuses on which ammo to select in a given . Its price point is 75 cents per round and its bullet weight is between 147 and 175 grains. I would say the Germans and the Allies had guns and systems that were equal in effectiveness. Though the days of peasant armies wielding them may be over, these archaic weapons are still legal in parts of the U.S., although not in the states of New York, New Jersey, California, Massachusetts or Pennsylvania. When an 88 shell hit directly, it often completely destroyed a bomber. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The shell detonates and sends a flurry of ball bearings and shrapnel in all directions. Sure, in UT99 there is some sort of piston that pushes ammo into the firing chamber, but it's . Absolute yikes. A Fearsome Feline. [13], The proximity fuze was one of the most important technological innovations of World War II. http://bit.ly/subAIRBOYD Timeless classic about anti-aircraft flak. In order to be used with gun projectiles, which experience extremely high acceleration and centrifugal forces, the fuze design also needed to utilize many shock hardening techniques. Also the ammo of choice when Dick Cheney decides to shoot someone in the face. All of these earlier methods have disadvantages. The distance between the fuze and the target was not constant but rather constantly changing due to the high speed of the fuze and any motion of the target. [ 12 August 2002, 09:22 AM: Message edited by: Martin Bull ], [ 12 August 2002, 04:29 PM: Message edited by: Martin Bull ], [ 13 August 2002, 12:48 PM: Message edited by: Martin Bull ], (You must log in or sign up to reply here. A 155mm artillery fuze with selector for point/proximity detonation (currently set to proximity). The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". However, British scientists were uncertain whether a fuze could be developed for anti-aircraft shells, which had to withstand much higher accelerations than rockets. Proximity fuzes are also useful for producing air bursts against ground targets. Finally the shot would be grabbed by the "grabbing things" (the heck are they called) you see on the moving barrel. or 7k? Some naval mines use pressure fuzes which are able to detect the pressure wave of a ship passing overhead. Pye's group was apparently unable to get their rugged pentodes to function reliably under high pressures until 6 August 1941, which was after the successful tests by the American group. Eine andere -Site. Therefore, their speed is much lower and this makes them less dangerous to those on the ground. U.S. General George S. Patton credited the introduction of proximity fuzes with saving Lige and stated that their use required a revision of the tactics of land warfare. Understanding how the shell types behave and when to use them is important to achieving optimum results in battle. Due to their specialist nature they tend to be more expensive and larger than their standard counterparts. 2,4 or 10m (7,13 or 33ft)] above ground that are selected by gun crews. A simulated battle conditions test was started on 12 August 1942. The figure of 16,000 rounds of German 88mm ammunition being required to shoot down a heavy bomber is often quoted to show just how wasteful and ineffective antiaircraft fire really was. Flak in World War II takes the reader from the invasion of Poland in 1939 right to the last Japanese aircraft shot down by AA fire in August 1945. For security reasons, and to confuse the enemy, it was initially called 'de Wilde' ammunition, even though the design was almost entirely different from the original version. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. Why do I stay the same weight no matter what I do? [10], The National Defense Research Committee assigned the task to the physicist Merle A. Tuve at the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism. 3. This gun served as the main armament of the Tiger I heavy tank. Measures 1 5/8 inches wide by 2 1/8 inches tall. Explain Like I'm Five is the best forum and archive on the internet for layperson-friendly explanations. This pattern changes with shrinking distance: every half wavelength in distance (a half wavelength at this frequency is about 0.7meters), the transmitter is in or out of resonance. The heavy gun could propel its 20.25-pound high-explosive shell to altitudes beyond 30,000 feet at a rate of about 15 projectiles per minute. [60] German divisions were caught out in open as they had felt safe from timed fire because it was thought that the bad weather would prevent accurate observation. 2 Answers. These early forms were also known as "smoke tracers" because of this. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney_hunting_incident. The old man was a Vietnam vet and happened to be a gunner of said Flak guns. How many shells does a flak gun fire per minute? All of this in one go, it would not be possible to do it like it is shown ingame. The answer? ][clarification needed] radio doppler proximity fuze, which employed the Doppler effect of reflected radio waves using a diode detector arrangement that they devised. How do you write a good story in Smash Bros screening? Our aviation shop ishereand our Twitter account here@Hush_Kit. As the saying goes, the more flak that's incoming, the more certain you can be that you are over the target. If the Luftwaffe had this shell the Allied bombing campaign would have been far more costly, or stopped altogether. Flak is defined as the bursting shells shot at aircraft from enemy guns on the ground, or criticism or opposition. Additionally, this Quora page has a lot of good info and graphics explaining the use and necessity of this same fragmentation principle in air-to-air and surface-to-air missiles. She carried 24-pound ammunition shells and other supplies across the rugged, remote terrain of the Korean Peninsula that was inaccessible to trucks. World War I. Observers may not be practical in many situations, the ground may be uneven, and the practice is slow in any event. For a side-by-side comparison of all weapons, see the Weapons page! They lacked the guns, effective radar, and the cooperation between the Army and Navy was terrible. All of this in one go, it would not be possible to do it like it is shown ingame. Answer (1 of 7): > how and why does a plane still go down if the flak missed? Incendiary ammunition is a type of ammunition that contains a chemical that, upon hitting a hard obstacle, has the characteristic of causing fire/setting flammable materials in the vicinity of the impact on fire. The obvious choice would be the Luftwaffes AA defenses, but I would point to the US Navys development of the VT fuse or radar equipped proximity fuse. Flak, or Fliegerabwehrkanone, works by arming artillery class cannons for the use of Anti-Air duties. With their moderate rate of fire, and typically inexpensive ammunition, they can make for good defensive weapons. Thus the shell does not have to hit the aircraft just be relatively close. The details of the British experiments were passed to the United States Naval Research Laboratory and National Defense Research Committee (NDRC). . This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. As most of the British heavy anti-aircraft guns were deployed in a long, thin coastal strip, dud shells fell into the sea, safely out of reach of capture. This was only partially true. One of them was an anti-aircraft shell that had spring-loaded wings that would pop out and slice through enemy aircraft. Winchester 9mm Ammo 100 Ct. High explosive with a pressed in pyrotechnic tracer self destruct cap, hexogen filled, impact only fuze. Its interesting at how effective the flak was but still a gradual attrition and conversely how difficult it was for Allied Bombers ability to find and to destroy the targets they wanted ( which then evolved into area bombing) but they still threw enormous resources into strategic bombing. Firing pin: Strikes the back of the flare and causes it to explode and shoot off down the barrel. The bullets were at first scarce, and as a result, a mix of ball, AP, Mk IV incendiary tracer and Mk VI incendiary were used until production increased to sufficient levels. The story mostly centres around the fighter defence and how the F4F Wildcat matched up against the vaunted A6M Zero-sen. The most developmentally advanced of the German acoustic fuze designs was the Rheinmetall-Borsig Kranich (German for Crane) which was a mechanical device utilizing a diaphragm tone filter sensitive to frequencies between 140 and 500Hz connected to a resonating vibratory reed switch used to fire an electrical igniter. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Saturday NatSec Roundup - Lawyers, Guns & Money. The main suppliers were Crosley, RCA, Eastman Kodak, McQuay-Norris and Sylvania. There are 4 types of Flak Cannon ammunition: Explosive: Base ammo. British tests were then carried out with "unrotated projectiles," in this case rockets. Notes. [67] [68]. AA shrapnel also killed and wounded tens of thousands of aircrew, significantly reducing the overall efficiency and morale.. Flak can refer to criticism or worse, explosive shells from an antiaircraft weapon. The 128mm FlaK 40 was one of the largest anti-aircraft weapon systems employed by the Germans in World War 2. No wonder they abbreviated it.). When the reflected signal was in phase, the oscillator amplitude would increase and the oscillator's plate current would also increase. The first bomb in the stick was fitted with an impact fuze while the other bombs were fitted with pressure sensitive diaphragm actuated detonators. Flak guns were actually used against the Soviets in the defense of Berlin. Most of the official Allied histories downplayed its role. [14][15][16] Adm. Lewis L. Strauss wrote that, .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, One of the most original and effective military developments in World War II was the proximity, or 'VT', fuze. This is due to the same effect. Like its World War II namesake, the Flakpanzer 38 (t), the Gepard was based on the hull of an existing tank. Was armour speed a better defence from flak? Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. While "flak" refers to anti-aircraft fire, the concept of proximity fusing and shrapnel isn't restricted to aircraft. Magnetic sensing can only be applied to detect huge masses of iron such as ships. Before that, they can be purchased from the vending machine outside Crazy . Contrary to popular belief, flak jackets are not interchangeable with bulletproof vests. Early field testing connected the circuit to a thyratron trigger operating a tower-mounted camera which photographed passing aircraft to determine distance of fuze function. Time to blow. Note here that the amplitude of this low frequency 'beat' signal corresponds to the amplitude of the signal reflected from the target. [21][22], In 1936, the Air Ministry took over Bawdsey Manor in Suffolk to further develop their prototype radar systems that would emerge the next year as Chain Home. Whats the difference back then to your description? This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. A proximity fuze (or fuse) is a fuze that detonates an explosive device automatically when the distance to the target becomes smaller than a predetermined value. navigation search. [46] Captain S. R. Shumaker, Director of the Bureau of Ordnance's Research and Development Division, coined the term to be descriptive without hinting at the technology. We directly support the repository at WW2.ORG, and several other worthwhile projects that add to the historical record. In many ways the term gun-laying was a misnomer when applied to the GL I. most expensive cities in atlanta; high neckerchief rdr2; english toothpaste brands; iphone unlock and stay on lock screen You have to remember that the Luftwaffe flak arm played a dual role. Log in or Sign up to interact with the community. [43] The design had four or five tubes. The combination of these three inventions was successful in shooting down many V-1 flying bombs aimed at London and Antwerp, otherwise difficult targets for anti-aircraft guns due to their small size and high speed. When the Allies began to use the term is not known. Because that flak did not actually "miss." By means of its fuzing, it exploded close enough to the aircraft to send an unseen shower of a thousand metal fragments flying out of it and into the aircraft. [55], At first the fuzes were only used in situations where they could not be captured by the Germans. Their light and medium flak over the battlefield was also highly effective and took a great toll on Allied fighter bombers. university of phoenix alumni license plate frame. I was wondering how such weapon could possibly work, how would cycling ammo work with such a shape and configuration, how does the weapon remove used cartridges from the barrel, how the heck does fresh ammo get in the barrel in the first place (you just see a new shot move magically into the firing chamber). Although not intended to start fires, tracer bullets can have a mild incendiary effect. They provide a more sophisticated trigger mechanism than the common contact fuze or timed fuze. But that number is misleading. The NDRC research highlighted the speed of sound as a major limitation in the design and use of acoustic fuzes, particularly in relation to missiles and high-speed aircraft. It took away from the narrative of how successful the Allied bombing campaign was and the heavy price they paid. The United States Navy accepted that failure rate. But an explosion ABOVE is often lethal since those kinds of cover don't have roofs. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. [57], The Pentagon refused to allow the Allied field artillery use of the fuzes in 1944, although the United States Navy fired proximity-fuzed anti-aircraft shells during the July 1943 invasion of Sicily. @JeremyECrawford already have a question. This addon should work if enabled with new game This addon should not work if spawned by "Test Location" Air Force base is the place with many beds in barracks When entering Flak Challenge zone, there will be warning messages before the challenge actually start An HE-Frag shell with time fuse. You are at a gateway to WWII discussion, research, exploration, & analysis. The US repeated it for N. Korea and N. Vietnam but failed again ( a whole another story) so luckily its not an era we will see again. German WWII Luftwaffe Flak Artillery Badge. The only Allied option was tactical infatry inserted to upset the German air defenses and provide a diversion for the larger forces to come in after. A minor problem encountered by the British was that the fuze was sensitive enough to detonate the shell if it passed too close to a seabird and a number of seabird "kills" were recorded. US $63.98 Scale 1/35 Resin parts - 130 pcs WWII Item 3518 German 88mm FLAK 36 ammo & ammo box Resin Kit. UT 99 has a pickup animation for the flak cannon that shows how the round is loaded into the barrel. One hopes that they were prepared for a . (LogOut/ It was more of a gun-assisting radar with limited capabilities. Who does the voice of Vanessa on Phineas and Ferb? The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Most of the official Allied histories downplayed its role. The tables below give the armor penetration figures of the most common German guns used during the Second World War. What were the big innovations in AAA in WW2? Before the invention of the proximity fuze, detonation was induced by direct contact, a timer set at launch, or an altimeter. ; "Precision Radar,", Smith, Peter C. Kamikaze: To Die for the Emperor. [40], In the US, NDRC focused on radio fuzes for use with anti-aircraft artillery, where acceleration was up to 20,000g as opposed to about 100g for rockets and much less for dropped bombs. But when the reflected signal was out of phase then the combined radio signal amplitude would decrease, which would decrease the plate current. In response to OPs question, the answer involves the invention of Radar. Mention has to be made of the development of gun laying radar. Flak as we know it ( the exploding ordinance variety ) works by using fuses. Regular $49.99 (Save $15.00) Anointed items can only spawn as world drops for a character that has completed the main story. Don't Panic! At the beginning of the war, the first British gun-laying Mark I (GL I) radars entered service with several AA batteries. In his words, "The one outstanding characteristic in this situation is the fact that success of this type of fuze is not dependent on a basic technical idea all of the ideas are simple and well known everywhere. When the target was far away, little of the oscillator's transmitted energy would be reflected to the fuze. Protective vests called flak jackets were first used in World War II; the word flak comes from the abbreviated form of the German word Flugabwehrkanone, a type of antiaircraft gun. This causes a small cycling of the radiated power and consequently the oscillator supply current of about 200800Hz, the Doppler frequency. An American team under Admiral Harold G. Bowen, Sr. correctly deduced that the tubes were meant for experiments with proximity fuzes for bombs and rockets. As the shell approaches a reflecting object, an interference pattern is created. It was first tested as a part of a detonation device for bombs that were to be dropped over bomber aircraft, part of the UK's Air Ministry's "bombs on bombers" concept. Making the right shell for your gun's role and gauge can be difficult as the sheer number of options is staggering. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. Is paralegal higher than legal assistant? It is possible that this is a mistake by the author of the report, and that his is intended to refer to limbered guns . How did flak guns work in WW2? Tanks and armor couldnt maneuver through the forest, and the Germans had secured all the roads. It was a game changer and fortunately for the US Navy they had it when the kamikaze appeared. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. These bombers required repair, causing service rates to fall and thus reducing the number of bombers available for new operations. [28], Prior to and following receipt of circuitry designs from the British, various experiments were carried out by Richard B. Roberts, Henry H. Porter, and Robert B. Brode under the direction of NDRC Section T Chairman Merle Tuve. Luftwaffe flak batteries could be assigned to the army at any time and thousands were. Working with Western Electric Company and Raytheon Company, miniature hearing-aid tubes were modified to withstand this extreme stress. (in an allied country). So the changing phase relationship between the oscillator signal and the reflected signal complicated the measurement of the amplitude of that small reflected signal. This film provides an in-depth look at the weapons and methods of Ger. Magazines contain . Wooden precise replica of the German 88mm anti-aircraft FlaK guns and Tiger-I ammunition - 8.8cm Sprgr.Patr. Allied AA guns were equally effective. The US found that flak that was high generally caused some damage to bombers but was far less likely to shoot them down than flak that was low. The British Mk VI bullet was copied by the United States in simplified form, for both their .30 and .50 aircraft bullets. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. 31. Butement, W. A. S., and P. E. Pollard; "Coastal Defence Apparatus", Butement, W. A. S., et al. The largest artillery pieces employed by the Army against Axis forces was the M1 240mm howitzer, which could fire 360-pound shell out to a range of 23,000 meters (14.3 miles). They never pooled their resources, instead each would go their own way, often siting individual radars in the same place., Two myths about flak: one it was not very effective, from an Allied point of view, and second the Allied bombing campaign against Germany created a second front siphoning off thousands of men to man the guns and robbing the German army of valuable men. Their first project was a revival of their original work on coast defense, but they were soon told to start a second project to develop a range-only radar to aid anti-aircraft guns.[23]. The versatile gun earned nearly mythical status among Allied flyers, infantrymen, and tank crews. Flak Ammo is a type of bullet that spreads in flight, making it good for medium-ranged combat. It was from the cannon shells and incendiary bullets that had hit my machineBullets were going between my legs, and I remember seeing a bright flash of an incendiary bullet going past my leg into the gas tankThen a little red tongue licked out inquiringly from under the gas tank in front of my feet and became a hot little bonfire in one corner of the cockpit.". There are currently 3 Camps in the game: Camp Liberty, Vanguard Division, and Martyrs Watch. The allies had the edge with the VT fuse. If you show up late for work for a third day, you'll probably take some flak from your coworkers they'll take verbal shots at you. [11] [12] Over 100 American companies were mobilized to build some 20 million shell fuzes. The story of flak in World War II is one of those forgotten stories of World War II. Soviet artillery and tanks weren't able to penetrate the huge concrete tower, allowing the Germans to keep shooting. Length of the cartridge case is 139mm, the body diameter of the shell 20 mm. [10] These included acoustic fuzes triggered by engine sound, one based on electrostatic fields developed by Rheinmetall Borsig, and radio fuzes. Viewed another way, the received signal frequency was Doppler-shifted from the oscillator frequency by the relative motion of the fuze and target. Well, it's been 5 years and the devs STILL haven't been able to match/list what ammunition fits which weapons in the constructor or on the description, so once again we need to rely on each other to do what they can . Others, such as the Czechoslovak 37 mm and 47 mm guns and the Russian . [44] One tube was an oscillator connected to an antenna; it functioned as both a transmitter and an autodyne detector (receiver). (Yikes! 4. unopened, unused, Kit: UPC: : Does not apply . You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. "[27][30] As Tuve understood, the circuitry of the fuze was rudimentary. It was understood that the limited application was not ideal; a proximity fuze would be useful on all types of artillery and especially anti-aircraft artillery, but those had very high accelerations. [9], Some explosive projectiles, such as high-explosive incendiary bullets, contain an incendiary charge intended to ignite explosives within the shell.[9]. 50 Rounds of 115gr FMJ 9mm Ammo by Winchester. 14 December, 2014. Each pocket could carry 1 en bloc clip with 8 rounds for the M1 Rifle or 2 stripper clips with 5 rounds for the M1903 rifle. Reverse is maker marked S.H.u.Co. Front shows a flak 88 artillery gun in the center with a German eagle clutching a swastika in his talons at the top. Much feared by military aircrew, flak blew thousands of aeroplanes from the sky across the 20th century. The tank chosen was Germany's own Leopard Main Battle Tank (MBT). Shortly after D-Day the Luftwaffe transferred 140 heavy batteries and 50 light flak batteries to Normandy. While it doesn't do as much damage per shot as the Longneck (165 damage compared to the Longneck's 280) it can be fired 8 times before needing to be reloaded. The 20mm caliber is a specific size of cannon or autocannon ammunition. Welcome to the WWII Forums! [5] This was adopted by British forces as the 0.303 Incendiary B Mark VI. Berlin has repeatedly lobbied Bern to shift policy after requests for permission to send Ukraine Swiss-made ammunition acquired by Germany decades ago were denied. In other words, artillery is a system with a number of interacting components.

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