micrococcus luteus biochemical tests

Micrococcus Catalase Test: The catalase test facilitates the detection of the enzyme catalase in bacteria. Reaction: To test for the presence of alpha amylase, a starch hydrolysis test can be performed. I extracted the DNA using the PowerSoil DNA kit (manufactured by Qiagen) following manufacturer instructions. Intro: Microbes are everywhere, even in the most extreme environments and conditions. Micrococcus spp. The family, Micrococcaceae, has been shrinking. Thank you for joining me, Karen Krisher, on this Pearl of Laboratory Medicine on Basics of Differentiation of Gram-positive Cocci.. For the detection of oxidase enzyme, filter paper circular disks impregnated with tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride in dimethyl sulfoxide are used. They are normal inhabitants of the human body and may even be essential in keeping the balance among the various . download full PDF here, Some of the species of Micrococcus, such as M. luteus which is yellow in colour, and M. roseus which is red. These discrepancies could be due to human error, unpure culture, or an old agar plate. Results of the biochemical tests demonstrated that the M. luteus and M. varians strains could be distinguished by their actions on glucose and nitrate reduction (Table I). Date: FEB.11.2016 Micrococcus as the cause of infections is easy to overlook because the infections that are caused by this bacterium are rare as well as the bacterium is a natural part of the skin's bacterial flora. The catalase test facilitates the detection of the enzyme catalase in bacteria. Wikipedia also says that Micrococcus luteus is an obligate aerobe, backing up what my results show (2019). The staphylococci are characterized by the formation of clusters of many cocci. The catalase test also indicated that the microbe does not have catalase, despite the metagenomic binning test suggesting it. Other Micrococcus isolates produce various useful products, such as long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons for lubricating oils. Biochemical Test and Identification of Staphylococcus aureus. Micrococcus Luteus is a gram positive, non-motile, non-sporing cocci belonging to micrococcea family. The partial decomposition of the hemoglobin of the erythrocytes by a weaker hemolysin. Under the microscope they are round cells. Bacteria Detail., The Editors of Encyclopdia Britannica. For example, M. luteus and M. lylae are 40-50% genetically different. These include the slide or drop catalase test, the tube method, the semiquantitative catalase for the identification of Mycobacterium, M. luteus played an important part in Flemings discovery of, A rare case of prosthetic valve endocarditis is caused by Micrococcus luteus, it is described and compared with the few cases that are reported in the literature, as well as the clinical features, microbiological profile, therapy, and prognosis of common prosthetic valve endocarditis. After it was sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq at the UAF Core lab, I used the online program Base Space to analyze the reads that I got from sequencing. All pathogenic strains of S. aureus are coagulase positive whereas the nonpathogenic species (S. epidermidis for example) are coagulase negative. Microbiome 2(27). On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The third image represents the colony morphology of many of the streptococci and enterococci. The name of the genus is also called " Germanized " is written as Micrococcus. Its genome has a high G + C content. "EPR and ENDOR detection of compound I from Micrococcus lysodeikticus catalase". For example, M. luteus and M. lylae are 40-50% genetically different. Make a tape label writing the color dot, your name, and the name of the media. The genome of the Micrococcus is rich in guanine and cytosine, they typically exhibit about 65 to 75% GC-content. Biochemical Pr Organism Enterococcus faecalis Lactococcus lactis Micrococcus luteus Staphylococcus // Micrococcus luteus has been shown to survive in oligotrophic environments for extended periods of time. It had 27,372 contigs in assembly. It is a gram positive, coccus shaped microbe, and contains catalase. M. luteus is part of the normal flora of the human skin.Transmission and DiseaseM. Hybridization studies show that there is no close genetic relationship between the species of Micrococcus bacteria. Finally, when looking at the API 20E strip none of the results returned positive despite the culture being active and fresh from being streaked recently. I think based on all this information, that my microbe is in fact micrococcus luteus as suggested by the PATRIC metagenome binning test, and the krona (Figure 1). Notice that beta-hemolysis results in a total lysis or clearing of the agar in the area of colony growth. Micrococcus is a genus of bacteria that is present in the Micrococcaceae family. . See answer (1) best answer. They are considered as normal comensal of human skin and upper respiratory tract. Micrococcus luteusare Gram-positive cocci mostly arranged in tetrads and larger than Staphylococcus. This can occur due to the presence of a reduced number of proteins that can bind to penicillin. These include the slide or drop catalase test, the tube method, the semiquantitative catalase for the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bacillus megaterium fermented sugars but didn't grow in the anaerobic area of the butt. Results: Regarding the gram stain test, my isolate was gram variable, I ensured that the strain was fresh so that the age of the culture was the same throughout the test. The agglutinability of the cells with antiserum containing anti-teichuronic acid antibody was examined. At U.S. Micro Solutions, our microbiology laboratory is a licensed, accredited source for thorough and accurate environmental testing . I grew my isolated in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) for a week to prepare for DNA extraction. Micrococci are usually not pathogenic. Krona chart of microbe shows bacterial classes thought to be present in the sample. M. luteus has one of the smallest genomes of all the bacteria. So far there are two genome sequences that have been done. As the microbe is gram positive this means that it has a large peptidoglycan layer and lacks a lipopolysaccharide layer. Another set of tests that I performed were physiological tests, including testing for oxygen class with fluid thyoglycate, checking for catalase using hydrogen peroxide, checking for cytochrome c oxidase using oxidase test strips, and using an API 20 E test strip to test for various different physiological traits such as Sulphur reduction, which had 20 different tests. 2002). Micrococcus., h. Shahidi Bonjar. It is Gram positive, Coagulase positive, catalase and oxidase positive non-motile bacteria. M. luteus is considered an opportunistic pathogen that can be responsible for some of the nosocomial infections. Micrococcus luteus is a coccus shaped gram-positive bacteria. I used the PATRIC software to perform a metagenome binning and to assign a taxonomy to the bacteria. Required fields are marked *. A rare case of prosthetic valve endocarditis is caused by Micrococcus luteus, it is described and compared with the few cases that are reported in the literature, as well as the clinical features, microbiological profile, therapy, and prognosis of common prosthetic valve endocarditis. 900 Seventh Street, NW Suite 400 This is designated as beta ()-hemolysis. Table 1: Graph from Korona showing the percent reads of each organism, and to which taxonomic level. Genus: Micrococcus. In the presence of atmospheric oxygen, the oxidase enzyme reacts with the oxidase reagent and cytochrome C to form the coloured compound, indophenol indicated as blue or purplish-blue colouration on the disc after the introduction of the bacterial colony on the disc. Baird-Parker, A. c.: A classification of micrococci and staphylococci based on physiological and biochemical tests. The nasal cavity microbiome primarily consists of the phyla Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria (Bassis et al. A positive test leads to the development of blue or purple-blue on the disc within two minutes. The categorization of bacteria in the clinical laboratory is based on the reactivity of the organism when stained by the Grams staining reagents. Colonies typically have a lemon-yellow pigment. On top of that, most of the bacterium that were stained were gram negative, which conflicts with this result. Optimum growth temperature is 25-37 C. They are likely involved in the biodegradation of many other environmental pollutants or detoxification. The microbiome of the nasal cavity can also change in response to environmental factors such as geographic location, and hygiene (Rawis et al. Many members of the genus have been reclassified into other genera. Like all Staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is also clustering Gram-positive cocci, nonmotile, non-spore-forming, and . Lastly, do not underestimate the variety of different genera in the four families of the Gram- positive cocci that can, under the right circumstances, move from relatively harmless saprophytes to disease-producing opportunists. . The catalase and the oxidase tests came up negative, because the catalase test did not form bubbles, and the oxidase test did not see a color change. Micrococcaceae. This bacterium can withstand massive doses of UV radiation and it also has the capability to degrade certain pollutants such as petrol. Coagulase, which is an enzyme involved in the conversion of serum fibrinogen to fibrin, causes the clotting of plasma. Positive. I used the Kirby-Bauer, or disk diffusion test to test for this, described in lab handout 9. I kept the plate at room temperature for 7 days, and then selected a colony to purify using the pure culture streak plate method. I would hypothesise that because we clean our shower regularly, that most of the bacterium un the shower drain would come from people in my family taking a shower, and mostly be from the skin. Micrococcus spp. The negative oxidase result conflicts with M. luteus (Public Health England). Once the culture was deemed pure enough, I inoculated a slant tube. [2] It resists antibiotic treatment by slowing of major metabolic processes and induction of unique genes[citation needed]. Washington, DC 20001 This would be read K/NC. Because of their diversity, there are a variety of biochemical tests that are used by laboratories to identify the Gram-positive cocci. The results of this analysis are shown in table 1. It is difficult to differentiate Kocuria from Micrococcus with conventional biochemical methods; therefore, these organisms are often reported together as Micrococcus/Kocuria species. They are positive for catalase and oxidase ( modified). Know more about our courses. Coagulase Results: The tests that did not agree were most likely from not having an active colony used in the experiment, such as the oxidase test being negative or the API 20 E test strip showing that the isolate did not reduce nitrate, which it does, referencing Medical Laboratories. They also produce yellow or pink colonies when they are grown on the mannitol salt agar, micrococcus flavus, M. terreus, and M. yunnanensis. Continuing without changing cookie settings assumes you consent to our use of cookies on this device. The nasal cavity microbiota of healthy adults. They also produce yellow or pink colonies when they are grown on the mannitol salt agar, micrococcus flavus, M. terreus, and M. yunnanensis. The modified oxidase reagent is prepared as tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine in certified grade dimethyl sulfoxide. They are usually normal flora but can be opportunistic pathogens in certain immunocompromised patients. The mammalian skin that has M. luteus strain is also highly sensitive to the beta-lactam antibiotics. 2. The gram stain of this microbe showed that it is gram positive because it stained purple. I repeated this process three more times to further purify the colony. The identified reads only made up a total of twenty seven percent of the total reads, but the majority of those reads were for M. luteus. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Built with Enlightenment Theme and WordPress. The catalase test did return positive by bubbling, indicating that it does have the ability to break down the radical hydrogen peroxide into diatomic oxygen and hydrogen. 2014). The large polysaccharide molecule starch contains two parts, amylose and amylopectin, these are rapidly hydrolyzed using a hydrolase called alpha-amylase to produce smaller molecules: dextrins, maltose, and glucose. Coagulase production is used as a virulence factor by the organism. Your email address will not be published. This is in agreement with a study by Mohana et al., (2013) who reported that the carotenoid pigments had antioxidant properties of Micrococcus luteus was reported at IC50 of 4.5mg/ml, also the . This kit utilizes enzymatic reactions to release bacterial DNA from the cell. Micrococcus species are oxidase-positive, which can be used to distinguish them from other bacteria like most Staphylococcus species, which are generally oxidase-negative. (2019, March 14). Ans: Although it is a harmless saprophyte, Micrococcus luteus can act as an opportunistic pathogen. About half of the Micrococcus luteus gram stain was found to carry plasmids of about one to 100MDa in size. The colony forms as a yellow, shiny round blob. I used an API Strep test to determine more of the sugars the bacteria could ferment. Micrococcus are aerobic, Gram-positive cocci ranging in size from 0.5 to 2.0 m in diameter. The EMB plate is also selective for gram-negative bacteria which is probably why the bacteria didnt grow on it. They can even survive in conditions that have very little of even no oxygen, using glycolysis and alternative electron acceptors to create ATP. The bacterium also colonizes the human mouth, mucosae, oropharynx and upper respiratory tract. The M. luteus genome encodes about four sigma factors and fourteen response regulators, a finding indicative of the adaptation to a rather strict ecological niche. M. luteus is the majority of reads on the species level. For example, Micrococcus varians is now known as Kocuria varians. . Micrococci can grow well in environments with little water or high salt concentrations, including sportswear that is made with synthetic fabrics. Therefore I used this as my location to take my environmental sample from. Whereas the M. variant has a G-C content of about 66-72mol%. The bubbling reaction is almost immediate and distinct in appearance. Isolates of the M. luteus have been found to overproduce the riboflavin virus when they are grown on toxic organic pollutants like pyridine. Due to the thick structure of the bacterial cell wall, Gram-positive cocci retain the primary Grams stain, Crystal Violet. [1] It is urease and catalase positive. Some of the Micrococcus are pigmented bacteria, for example, M. roseus produces reddish colonies and M. luteus produces yellow colonies. While defining the characteristics of the Micrococcus are the ability to produce acid aerobically from the aesculin hydrolysis, glucose glycerol, arginine dihydrolase, motility, major pigment production, and conversion of nitrate to nitrite. Micrococci have Gram-positive types of spherical cells that are ranging from about 0.5 to three micrometres in diameter and typically they appear in tetrads. Discussion: When looking at all of the results for my isolate, they are not all consistent with Micrococcus luteus. Unlike other actinobacteria, M. luteus expresses only one resuscitation-promoting factor that is required for the emergence from dormancy and has few other dormancy-related proteins. It is Gram-positive cocci in tetrads, catalase-positive, coagulase-negative, arranged in clusters that differ from Staphylococcus in attacking sugars oxidatively which may appear in irregular clusters, groups of four or eight. // This lines up with M. luteus resistances from the tests. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micrococcus_luteus&oldid=887698104, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_aureus&oldid=890960280, An exploration into a pharmacists microbes, An exploration of microbes present in the blood of processed moose. The Bacterial Genomic DNA Isolation Kit provides convenient and simple step-by-step method for isolating quality genomic DNA from gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial species. Similar to the situation in the prosthetic valve endocarditis that is caused by more aggressive and highly resistant bacteria. The microdase test is a rapid method to differentiate Staphylococcus (-ve) from Micrococcus +ve) by detection of the enzyme oxidase. Alpha-hemolytic colonies often assume a greenish hue. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Built with Enlightenment Theme and WordPress. The API test strips lack of results suggests that the I used the wrong test strip, I probably needed to use the Staph test instead of the Strep test, because the Strep test is for when Catalase is absent, but there could have been catalase present. I then repeated this three more times to further purify the isolate. Production of bubbles indicates a positive reaction. Micrococcus lutues are Gram positive cocci that are 0.5 to 3.5 m in diameter and arranged in tetrads or irregular clusters. The differentiation is based on the detection of the oxidase enzymes. [3] Its genome was sequenced in 2010 and is one of the smallest genomes of free-living Actinomycetota sequenced to date, comprising a single circular chromosome of 2,501,097 bp.[4]. luteus is capable of surviving in environments This bacterium can also be transmitted to others due to poor hand-washing practices. Enterococcus faecalis. M. luteus played an important part in Flemings discovery of Lysozyme which is the bodys natural antibiotic. If I were to continue researching this isolate, I would redo the API 20 E test strip with a fresh, active culture to ensure that it can reduce nitrate, and also the oxidase test to ensure that it does have cytochrome c oxidase present, which it should according to Public Health England. Streptococci and enterococci are observed to produce pairs and chains of cocci of varying length. Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus spp. The microbiome of the nose. I also had to do the thyoglycate test 3 times to get a conclusive result, further making me skeptical of how active the culture was during the physical tests during week 6, which is where almost all of the inconsistencies arose. Micrococcus luteus pigment (Yellow) GLUCOSE FERMENTATION TEST This test detects the ability of the bacterium to break down glucose to pyruvic acid. Growth or weak growth is observed at 45C, at pH 10, and in the presence of 10% sodium chloride (NaCl). Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties of Iranian Medicinal-Plants against Micrococcus Luteus, Serratia Marcescens, Klebsiella Pneumoniae and Bordetella Bronchoseptica.. Biochemical Tests in Microbiology Student Name Date 1 Lot Number(s) Record the lot numbers for each bacterial . From four species that have been identify, only Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas diminuta that show ability to block pathogen bacteria Edwardsiella tarda. Micrococcus luteus ( Scanning electron micrograph ) Micrococcus luteus is a Gram-positive bacterium of the genus Micrococcus. If the infection leads to severe hemodynamic alterations, thus the valve replacement may become necessary. The identification of three different biovars within the species M. luteus has the advantage that the three groups can be differentiated without nomenclatural changes having to be introduced. Klebsiella pneumoniae Micrococcus luteus Micrococcus roseus Proteus mirabilis Proteus vulgaris Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella typhimurium Serratia marcescens Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis Streptococcus . This test had VP, HIP, ESC, PYRA, aGAL, bGUR, bGAL, PAL, LAP, ADH, RIB, ARA, MAN, SOR, LAC, TRE, INU, RAF, AMD, and GLYG tests. Retrieved 06:20, April 16, 2019, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micrococcus_luteus&oldid=887698104, Wikipedia contributors. I hypothesized that it would be a bacteria commonly found in the nasal cavities and likely from the aforementioned phyla, so it would likely do best living in an aerobic, humid, and warm environment. Micrococcus luteus is found in lots of places including skin, soil, dust, water, air, mouth, mucosae, oropharynx, and upper respiratory tract of humans (Wikipedia, Micrococcus luteus, 2019). When a drop of peroxide is placed on catalase-producing bacteria, bubbles appear when the oxygen gas is formed. It is essential for differentiating catalase-positive Micrococcaceae from catalase-negative Streptococcaceae. 2019). Recently, as an opportunistic pathogen, this organism was recognized and it has been implicated in recurrent bacteremia, septic arthritis, septic shock, endocarditis, intracranial suppuration, meningitis, and cavitating pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients. M. luteus present on the human skin can transform compounds present in sweat into compounds with an unpleasant odour. Obtain a glucose fermentation tube. The configurations are the result of the plane of cellular division exhibited by the organism. The genus Micrococcus consists of Gram-positive spheres occurring in tetrads and in irregular clusters that are usually non-motile and non-spore-forming. The oxidase test tests to see if the microbe contains cytochrome c oxidase. Micrococcus luteus characteristics possess unusual abilities to tolerate and to use very toxic organic molecules as carbon sources and it combines these activities with tolerance to metals. Last updated: August 10, 2022 by Sagar Aryal. Other articles where Micrococcus luteus is discussed: Micrococcus: found in milk, such as M. luteus, M. varians, and M. freudenreichii, are sometimes referred to as milk micrococci and can result in spoilage of milk products. Typical colonies are often described as gray to white, moist or glistening. Finally I used different antibiotic disks to check for its resistance to antibiotics, using Gentamicin, Cefoperazone, Vancomycin, Tobramycin, Amikacin, Trimethoprim, Oxacillin, and Cefazdin. . Micrococcus luteus are Gram-positive, to Gram-variable, motile -non motile, that are 0.5 to 3.5 micrometers in diameter and usually arranged in tetrads or irregular clusters. They are found in soil, dust, water and air, and as part of the normal microbiota of skin. The oxidase test was negative, as the strip did not change color at all, where it would have turned purple if it was positive. The catalase test tests to see if the microbe contains catalase. Micrococcus luteus. Defining characteristics of Micrococcus are the ability to aerobically produce acid from glucose glycerol, aesculin hydrolysis, arginine dihydrolase, major pigment production, motility, and conversion of nitrate to nitrite. Culture Characteristics: Colonies are shades of yellow or red. The antibiotic resistance test showed only minor resistance to the antibiotic Oxacillin, which is likely due to a chance inheritance in the population or complete chance because of the weak strength. To sample, I used sterile cotton swabs and streaked them on TSA plates. Micrococcus Public Health Agency of Canada., Public Health England. Micrococcus luteus | Taxonomy - PubChem Apologies, we are having some trouble retrieving data from our servers. Based on the place of origin of the bacterium that I isolated, I hypothesize that it will either be one of the above bacterium or a similar water loving organism, likely one that also forms a biofilm. Though today the immuno-compromised patients take the risk of the infection that has grown. This is a test for aerobic (able to use oxygen) catalase-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus and Micrococcus. Micrococci are microbiologically characterized as gram-positive cocci, 0.5 to 3.5 m (micrometres; 1 m = 10-6 metre) in diameter. It is essential for differentiating catalase-positive Micrococcaceae from catalase-negative Streptococcaceae. They are catalase-positive and usually aerobic with strictly respiratory metabolism. When looking back at all the data, it is fairly likely that the isolate is Micrococcus luteus, especially when looking at the fluid thyoglycate test, the colony morphology, and the antibiotic susceptibility. Catalase test was the first biochemical test to be done . The microdase test, also known as modified oxidase test is a rapid test to differentiate Staphylococcus from Micrococcus which are Gram-positive cocci possessing catalase enzymes. Staphylococci were distinguished by their ability to form acid from glucose anaerobically and sarcinas by the formation of cubical packets. It is an aerobic exopolysaccharide producing bacteria that may be found on the skin, mouth and sometimes in the throat of mammals 13,14. The previous classification of these organisms was much simpler; however, with the use of more advanced genetic sequencing methods, these gram-positive cocci have expanded into 4 separate families and their associated genera. Oxidase (modified oxidase) test: Positive. Micrococcus is the Gram-positive cocci that are about 0.5 to 3.5 micrometres in diameter and usually, these are arranged in tetrads or in irregular clusters. Those are extremely toxic because they are powerful oxidizing agents and destroy cellular constituents very rapidly. The oxygen class and the gram positiveness of the microbe also matches up with that of Micrococcus luteus. An interesting remaining family member, Microoccus antarcticus, was isolated from Antarctica, and is capable of growing at 4C. The Kocuria rhizophila strain ATCC 9341 has been used in quality control for sterility testing, as a test for the effectiveness of antibiotics and fungicides, and for doxycycline, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol susceptibility testing since 1966 under the designation Micrococcus luteus [4]. Micrococcus luteus was found gram-positive cocci, non-spore forming, non-haemolytic, non-motile aerobic or facultative anaerobes, arranged in pairs, irregular clusters and tetrads. CCTC (English) When using a fluid thyoglycollate test it resulted in the isolate being a strict aerobe, with all of the bacterium being at the top of the medium where it is oxygenic. I then transferred the pure culture into a TSB slant to preserve it, keeping it at around 3 degrees Celsius in the lab refrigerator. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care. Some Micrococcus are pigmented bacteria; for example, M. luteus produces yellow colonies and M. roseus produces redish colonies. It has also been isolated from foods such as milk and goats cheese. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 122(1):17-24. A very important test in the categorization of the staphylococci is the coagulase test. The pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, is notably coagulase-positive while most other members of the family are coagulase-negative. In future works with this microbe, I probably would want to purify the culture more and redo the tests. The positive catalase result lines up with M. luteus (Public Health England). I performed many tests to find out the colony morphology and physiology. Though not a spore former, the Micrococcus cells can survive for an extended period of time, both at refrigeration temperatures and in nutrient-poor conditions such as sealed in amber. This suggests that some of the Micrococcus species on the basis of ribosomal RNA analysis eventually can be re-classified into other microbial genera. A positive test leads to the development of blue or purple-blue on the disc within two minutes. This is a test commonly used when trying to identify Gram-negative enteric bacteria, all of which are glucose fermenters but only some of which produce gas. I grew my bacteria on an Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) plate to see if it could ferment lactose and if it could grow with methylene blue which selects for gram negative bacteria. luteus is rarely found to be responsible for infections. M. luteus can also cause septic shocks in immuno-compromised people. This can occur due to the presence of a reduced number of, Most of the Micrococcus infections are discovered through the process of elimination along with the presence of the abundant Micrococcus tetrads in the lesions or cysts. However, the most promising antibiotic regimen that is proposed for the treatment of the Micrococcus luteus seems to be a combination of amikacin, vancomycin, and rifampicin. Alcaligenes faecalis Bacillus megaterium . Examples of the colony morphology associated with each family is represented on this slide. // We found this to be true because the filter paper turned blue, which showed that the species has the cytochrome c oxidase enzyme. Further biochemical tests to identify include the catalase and oxidase test, and typical tests of a "colorful series . Wikipedia contributors. The differentiation is based on the detection of the oxidase enzymes. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Micrococcus A study with 188 micrococci, identified only to the genus level, demonstrated MICs at achievable concentrations for most -lactams, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, clindamycin and the most active drug in vitro, rifampin. //

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