what happened to the german dead at stalingrad

At the beginning of October 2018, the German War Grave Commission reported the discovery of 800 bodies. 75 years after the Nazis surrendered, all sides agree: War is hell History & Culture The German 6th Army surrendered in the Battle of Stalingrad, 91,000 of the survivors became prisoners of war raising the number to 170,000 in early 1943. They notified the authorities, including the German War Graves Commission, and a careful excavation has since taken place to recover the dead. Joseph Goebbels, Hitler's propaganda specialist, gave a speech after the battle stressing the mortal danger that Germany faced, and calling for total warfare on the Eastern front. Leading up to the Battle of Stalingrad, the German Wehrmacht had already suffered multiple setbacks in Russia. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The Battle of Stalingrad was one of the deadliest battles in World War II. 'The recent discovery of a mass German grave at Angarsky in present-day Volgograd, containing more than 1,800 soldiers corroborates Gelfand's account. Historians estimate that more than 1 million Red Army soldiers and Soviet civilians were killed, wounded, or went missing during the conflict at Stalingrad. Do you have a story for The Sun Online news team? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. German attempts to break into the pocket failed. He was exultant when in June 'Operation Blue' enabled his armies to occupy new swathes of central Russia. Who did Germany surrender to in Stalingrad? By the time Soviet Gen. Vasily Chuikov arrived to take command, the situation was turning increasingly desperate for the Soviets. From the west, Gen. Friedrich Paulus approached with his Sixth Army of 330,000 men. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. But Stalin's plans changed. Victor Temin/Slava Katamidze Collection/Getty Images. More Soviets died in the Battle of Stalingrad than the number of Americans who died in all of World War II. The Volksbund builds resting places for German war dead, and commemorates and acts in educational youth work toward understanding and harmonization after World War II. We pay forvideostoo. Soviet soldiers advance through the snow in Stalingrad. The attacks quickly penetrated deep into the flanks, and by November 23 the two prongs of the attack had linked up at Kalach, about 60 miles (100 km) west of Stalingrad; the encirclement of the two German armies in Stalingrad was complete. How was Germany defeated in the Battle of Stalingrad? Most of them were half dead by the . Berlin . Hitler declared that the Sixth Army would be supplied by the Luftwaffe, but the air convoys could deliver only a fraction of the necessary supplies. The city of Stalingrad, which today is called Volgograd, was massively important to the USSR's economy and war strategy. Updates? An airplane wreckage lies in Stalingrad, with a devastated building in the background. Red Army soldier Konstantin Duvanov, 19 years old at the time, recalled years later the scenes of death on the river. what happened to the german dead at stalingrad. The battle for Stalingrad was the turning point of the Second World War. German POWs in the USSR The German 6th Army surrendered in the Battle of Stalingrad, 91,000 of the survivors became prisoners of war raising the number to 170,000 in early 1943. They quickly encircled an entire German army, more than 220,000 soldiers. A mass grave containing the remains of almost 2,000 German soldiers and their horses was uncovered by workmen laying a new pipeline in Volgograd (formerly Stalingrad). Shellfire and bombs rained down on the city, day after day and week upon week. Nobody knows exactly how many people died at Stalingrad. Nobody knows exactly how many people died at Stalingrad. Unlike Barbarossa a year earlier, whose aim was to wipe out the Soviet Union's army and eradicate its Jewish and other minority populations city by city and village by village, Hitler's aim with Stalingrad was to crush the Soviets economically. The Red Army wouldn't back down from the Germans' offensive. German forces invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 and had advanced to the suburbs of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) by the summer of 1942. Soviet soldiers huddle around a fire in Stalingrad to fight the cold. The Germans were being rounded up prior to marched to death. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The Russians left no German soldier on the ground alive. 'Hero of the Soviet Union Mikhail Borisov said bluntly 'the Germans seized vast tracts of our country and killed or enslaved millions of our people. Learn about the Battle of Stalingrad (194243), a brutal military campaign between Russia and Germany during World War II, Examine how Stalin's Red Army defeated Hitler's Fourth and Sixth armies in the Battle of Stalingrad, atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Published: 11:24 GMT, 12 December 2018 | Updated: 16:33 GMT, 12 December 2018. 41 on April 5, 1942. In the winter cold, a Russian soldier writes in his notebook during the Battle of Stalingrad. What led German defeat the Battle of Stalingrad? These directives resulted in Operation Case Blue: the summer 1942 Nazi offensive tasked with seizing Soviet oil fields in the Caucasus, as well as the industrial city of Stalingrad in the Soviet Union's southeast. Lasting from August 1942 to February 1943, the Battle of Stalingrad was the largest battle of World War II and in the history of warfare. Clinging to the western bank of the Volga River, the Soviets' only resupply option were barges crossing the water from the east. The first German air attacks killed between 10,000 and 40,000 people almost as many as died in the entire London blitz. The grave was discovered accidentally by Russian workmen laying a new water pipe in Volgograd. Against the advice of his commanders, Hitler ordered Gen. Paulus to hold his army's position at all costs. With the formation of the "National Committee for a Free Germany" and the "League of German Officers", anti-Nazi POWs got more privileges and better rations. In December, a rescue attempt was mounted from outside the city. Twenty-two generals surrendered with him, and on February 2 the last of 91,000 frozen starving men (all that was left of the Sixth and Fourth armies) surrendered to the Soviets. What does it mean that the Bible was divinely inspired? Then learn about the Battle of Verdun, the longest battle of World War I. It also controlled the Volga River, which was an important shipping route to move equipment and supplies from the denser and more economically prosperous west to the less populated but resource-rich east. How many German survivors of Stalingrad are still alive? Over the next three months, the Red Army began to squeeze the life out of them. The Soviets had to supply their troops by barge and boat across the Volga from the other bank. 1 What happened to the German soldiers who surrendered at Stalingrad? After the German invasion of Russia codenamed Operation Barbarossa, which began in June 1941 the Wehrmacht continued to head eastward, destroying whole Soviet armies and capturing two million prisoners, most of whom they starved to death. Nazi Germany suffered the complete loss of its greatest, largest and most battle-hardened army, the Sixth Army, and the defeat marked the end of German expansion eastwards; from that point onwards the Third Reich was fighting a defensive war. During Operation Barbarossa, the Axis powers had attempted several large encircling movements against the Soviets, with early and lethal success. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. With an enormous land mass stretching thousands of miles behind their front lines, this strategy of making a gradual retreat east had been a key part of Russia's success a year earlier. At dawn on Jan. 31, 1943, the bloodiest battle of World War II came to an end for the top German commander in Stalingrad. In all, military archaeologists have found a staggering 1,837 bodies - all of them German soldiers, He added: 'Usually the relatives are relieved to know what happened and pleased the body of their grandpa or uncle will be buried. A grave of a Russian fighter pilot who was buried during the Battle of Stalingrad Credit: H.Aldridge&Son. Dispatching some 3 or 4 million soldiers to the Eastern Front, Adolf Hitler hoped for a rapid victory. Lt Lyle Bouck Jr.: "Sometime in mid-afternoon, a second attack was made and repelled, but left its mark on the I&R Platoon. The German offensive operation was known as Operation Barbarossa. The Soviet Sixty-second Army was pushed back into Stalingrad proper, where, under the command of Gen. Vasily I. Chuikov, it made a determined stand. It stopped the German advance into the Soviet Union and marked . On July 9 Hitler altered his original plan and ordered the simultaneous capture of both Stalingrad and the Caucasus. It stank beyond belief," according to Maj. Anatoly Soldatov. The German war machine continued to advance rapidly and by August, Gen. Paulus had reached Stalingrad's suburbs. It stopped the German advance into the Soviet Union and marked the turning of the tide of war in favour of the Allies. The Battle of Stalingrad was won by the Soviet Union against a German offensive that attempted to take the city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd, Russia) during World War II. The few surviving civilians suffered terribly, eking a troglodyte existence in cellars. The Sixth Army was surrounded by seven Soviet armies. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. It is very important.. What sightseeing should you visit? The finding on this scale is quite special.'. The Russians plowed them into the earth. The battle of Stalingrad marked the turning point of World War II, setting the scene for the Red Army's advance on Berlin. The dead German soldiers will be given a special burial at a military ceremony in the city. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Although German forces led a strong attack into Soviet territory, a strategic counteroffensive by Soviet forces flanked and surrounded a large body of German troops, eventually forcing them to surrender. 1 What happened to the German survivors of Stalingrad? What happened in the Battle of Stalingrad? Within days, Bock was replaced at the head of Army Group B by Field Marshal Maximilian von Weichs. V. Galperin/Slava Katamidze Collection/Getty Images. Heinrich Hoffmann/Mondadori Portfolio/Getty Images. On the German side, estimates put the number of dead from the 6th Army and its allies at about 300,000. Stiff Soviet resistance. . The Battle of Stalingrad was won by the Soviet Union against a German offensive that attempted to take the city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd, Russia) during World War II. When Soviet officers entered Stalingrad after the German surrender, they found Paulus "seemed to have lost all his courage." 02.11.2012, 12.45 Uhr. What happened to the German dead at Stalingrad? 1. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. The defeat was avoidable. A new book has finally laid bare the full horrors of the Battle Of Stalingrad in the words of ordinary Russian soldiers, whose memories were suppressed by the Soviet authorities for 70 years. Constance Marten seen leaving court after appearing before magistrates charged with manslaughter of baby, Constance Marten and Mark Gordon blow each other a kiss in dock before court hears dead baby was found in bag in shed, Mum identified after dead baby is found on Canford Heath, Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO). Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. But in November, the Soviets' fortunes began to turn. It was their first major capture of Germans. Instead of the assumed 800, it was in the end 1,837 war dead. What is the safe score in JEE Mains 2021? Soviet soldiers during the Battle of Stalingrad. By the end, the German 6th Army had been trapped in the battle of Stalingrad for almost three months facing disease and starvation and low on ammunition, and there was little left to do than die within the city. And if you liked this post, be sure to check out these popular posts: Five months, one week, and three days. The battle is infamous as one of the largest . Due to the threat of epidemic at that time there was a rush to remove the countless corpses of men and animals as soon as possible. Following further excavations by military . Met by a determined Red Army defense commanded by Vasily Chuikov, they reached the city's centre after fierce . Each night, up to three thousand Russian wounded were ferried eastward from the city, while a matching stream of reinforcements, ammunition and supplies reached the defenders. Axis casualty estimates range between 400,000 to as many as 800,000 killed, missing, or wounded. The counteroffensive utterly surprised the Germans, who thought the Soviets incapable of mounting such an attack. As winter set in, the Germans inside Stalingrad were freezing to death, running out of supplies, and starving on short rations. It was launched in two spearheads, some 50 miles (80 km) north and south of the German salient whose tip was at Stalingrad. Next, take a look at 54 photos of the Battle of the Bulge that capture the Nazis' last-ditch counteroffensive. Sovfoto/UIG/Getty ImagesRed Army soldier aiming his machine gun in a ruined building. To make matters worse, he also canceled the evacuation of civilians, forcing them to stay in Stalingrad and fight alongside the soldiers. Open Button. Around him "filth and human excrement and who knows what else was piled up waist-high. On January 31 Paulus disobeyed Hitler and agreed to give himself up. As the weather worsened, thousands of wounded, starving German infantrymen in Stalingrad froze to death amid subzero temperatures. The spokesman said that ID tags have also been recovered and are now being cleaned before the identification process begins. Seriously, in the mass graves that followed the burning and burying of many of the 250,000 corpses that emerged from the ice and snow in the . Marshal Vasily I. Chuikov, who led his troops in the defense of Stalingrad that turned the fortunes of Hitlers army, died Thursday at the age of 82, his family said today. Some soldiers were reduced to cannibalism in order to stay alive in the ruins of the city as the mercury plunged to -40C. The expressions on their faces suggest they must have just been in combat and the one on . Translation of an unsent letter from the Wehrmacht Bigrebe lance corporal to his brother - Russia 29 . February 2, 1943. After the Battle of Stalingrad, even the tone of the Nazi propaganda changed. The Soviet forces began a decisive counteroffensive to liberate the city. According to a historian and expert on the Battle of Stalingrad, the mass grave is consistent with accounts of the victorious Soviet Red Army hurriedly burying the German dead in a gorge towards the end of the conflict. In Washington and London, leaders wondered gloomily how long the Russians could stave off absolute defeat. A grisly monument to the human capacity for violence and survival, the Battle of Stalingrad was marked by massive civilian losses, the executions of retreating soldiers by their own commanders, and even alleged cannibalism. Nearly a year after the end of World War II, a large number of German prisoners of war (POWs) were still being detained in post-war Britain. The Battle of Stalingrad was one of the deadliest battles in the history of modern warfare, leaving an estimated 850,000 Axis soldiers as dead, missing, or wounded, and claiming the lives of over a million Soviet soldiers. A German soldier rests at Stalingrad. According to a historian and expert on the Battle of Stalingrad, the mass grave is consistent with accounts of the victorious Soviet Red Army hurriedly burying the German dead in a gorge towards . At that point Stalingrad became the scene of some of the fiercest and most-concentrated fighting of the war; streets, blocks, and individual buildings were fought over by many small units of troops and often changed hands again and again. 'We found numerous killed soldiers along with horse carcasses hastily buried. The answer is in this article. Although this tactic was an element of the Soviet method, it was the Nazi brutalities which contributed to the Soviets' stubborn defense of Stalingrad. This was before the tide turned. The mass grave is consistent with accounts of the Soviet Red Army hurriedly burying the German dead towards the end of the conflict. In April's Directive No. Most could not be identified or burnt in the rubble or got swept away in the waters of the Wolga. What happened to the German bodies at Stalingrad? By 1950 almost all had been released. The operation was a deep penetration maneuver, attacking not the main German force at the forefront of the battle for Stalingradthe 250,000 remaining men of the Sixth Army and Fourth Panzer Army, both formidable foesbut instead hitting the weaker flanks. How do you write a good story in Smash Bros screening? How many Germans died at the Battle of Stalingrad? The division of forces placed tremendous pressure on an already-strained logistical support system. Soldiers' possessions - including a key, spoons and drinking bottle - found in the mass grave, which is being excavated by the German War Graves Commission. A Soviet woman walks through the ruins of Stalingrad. But the warning didn't matter Paulus officially surrendered the next day. 21.02.1943: The moon pours poisonous green on the snow. The first reason is that the Battle of Stalingrad marked the end of Germanys advances into eastern Europe and Russia. After months of fierce fighting and heavy casualties, German forces (numbering now only about 91,000 surviving soldiers) surrender at Stalingrad on the Volga. The painstaking job to try and identify the casualties is now underway. in Land Warfare (International Perspective) with honors and a graduate certificate in German Military Studies from the American Military University. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Soldiers face an explosion in the thick of battle in Stalingrad. Women digging near damaged train tracks during the Battle of Stalingrad. The Germans believed that by prolonging the Battle of Stalingrad, the Germans would weaken the Soviets' efforts on the rest of the Eastern Front. By the spring of 1942, however, Hitler was ready to try again. Although German forces led a strong attack into Soviet territory, a strategic counteroffensive by Soviet forces flanked and surrounded a large body of German troops . German War Grave Commission. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Corbis/Getty ImagesGerman prisoners are marched through the snowy streets of battered Stalingrad after their defeat. The Axis armies proceeded to level the city with vicious artillery and aircraft bombing, killing thousands and making the rubble-strewn ruins impassable by tanks. Stalingrad was one of the most important battles in WW II, if not in entire human history. From the south, on Hitler's orders to divert from its original mission, Gen. Hermann Hoth's Fourth Panzer Army formed the other arm of the attack. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Just another site what happened to the german dead at stalingrad The offensive would be undertaken by Army Group South under Field Marshal Fedor von Bock. An estimated 40,000 civilians died as well. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Paulus (23 September 1890 1 February 1957) was a German general during World War II who commanded the 6th Army. Some estimate that more than 90 percent of the surrendered Germans would not survive Soviet captivity for long. Davis, a gorgeous purebred German Shepherd, was seriously injured and left for dead. He added: Usually the relatives are relieved to know what happened and pleased the body of their grandpa or uncle will be buried. This article represents German prisoners of war's testimonies, as well as letters captured by the Red army on shot down German transport aircrafts, which stated that the position of troops in the Stalingrad area was getting harder every day. The Eighth Air Army and Twenty-first Army were also placed under his command. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. revere, ma condo foreclosures; don wilson obituary shelby nc June 30, 2022 . 4 What happened to Russian prisoners of war after ww2? Now a grim reminder of the Battle of Stalingrad has been uncovered 75 years later - a mass grave containing almost 2,000 German soldiers. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. GFH This item bears the name of the dead German soldier who owned it from Dresden, dated 1937. The eyes had been burnt out and he had a wound on his left temple made by a red-hot piece of iron. What were the German casualties in the Battle of Stalingrad? The mass grave containing almost 2000 German soldiers being uncovered, more than 75 years after the most brutal and bloodiest battle of World War Two - the Battle of Stalingrad. The German onslaught in the summer of 1942 on Stalingrad was almost impossible to stop. What happened to Stalingrad and how does it look today? As of right now, nobody knows exactly what happened to him, but their best . The German 6th Army surrendered in the Battle of Stalingrad, 91,000 of the survivors became prisoners of war raising the number to 170,000 in early 1943. The main reason for the defeat was that Hitler became obsessed with the idea of capturing the city. Of the 110,000 Germans who surrendered, only 5,000 would survive Stalin's gulags to return to a defeated Germany. 1.1. The mass grave, measuring 430ft long, 23ft wide and 7ft deep, was found in the district of Angarsky in Volgograd. Capturing the city would cut Soviet transport links with southern Russia, and Stalingrad would then serve to anchor the northern flank of the larger German drive into the oil fields of the Caucasus. To inquire about a licence to reproduce material, visit our Syndication site. Army Group B made slow progress toward Stalingrad (Operation Fischreiher). In 1956 the last surviving German POW returned home from the USSR. In 1945 Stalingrad was officially proclaimed a Hero City of the Soviet Union for its defense of the motherland. By mid-September the Germans had pushed the Soviet forces in Stalingrad back until the latter occupied only a 9-mile- (15-km-) long strip of the city along the Volga, and that strip was only 2 or 3 miles (3 to 5 km) wide. Just another site what happened to the german dead at stalingrad Scenting final victory, Hitler deputed General Friedrich Paulus, a staff officer eager to prove himself as a fighting commander, to lead a dash for the city on the Volga that was named after Stalin, and secure a symbolic triumph, while another German army group swung southwards to grab the oilfields. About 45,000 men had already been captured, and another 250,000 were dead inside and around the city. Russians consider it to be one of the greatest battles of their Great Patriotic War, and most historians consider it to be the greatest battle of the entire conflict. The battle cost the German army a quarter of everything it possessed by way of material - guns, tanks and munitions. "We immediately began to take the harshest possible actions against cowardice," he later wrote. It's also where soon-to-be German Generalfeldmarschall Friedrich Paulus earned his fame commanding the 6th . Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. More Soviets died in this single battle than the number of Americans who died in all of World War II. The Volga River was now frozen over solid, and Soviet forces and equipment were sent over the ice at various points within the city. When General Chuikov was given command of the defense of Stalingrad in World War II, he reportedly said, We shall hold the city or die there. The counteroffensive converged three days later at the town Kalach to the west of Stalingrad, cutting off the Nazi supply routes and trapping General Paulus and his 300,000 men in the city. Thereafter, they launched Operation Citadel, attempting to destroy the Red Army at the Battle of Kursk, but they would fail yet again. He said: 'The remains will probably be moved to the nearby war cemetery at Rossoschka, which contains both German and Russian dead, although some Red Army veterans are still resolutely opposed to any form of commemoration for their fallen opponents. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The Sun website is regulated by the Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO), Our journalists strive for accuracy but on occasion we make mistakes. They had fought on even after the majority of the 6th army had capitulated to the Red Army. The army surrendered between 31 January and 2 February 1943. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. What is the significance of the Battle of Stalingrad? Soviet soldiers in winter camouflage clothing in Stalingrad. The Soviets surrounded the German Sixth Army, which surrendered (against the orders of Adolf Hitler) on January 31, 1943. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". What is thought to influence the overproduction and pruning of synapses in the brain quizlet? What happened to the German survivors of Stalingrad? Military archaeologists who uncovered the late German troops found 1,837 bodies in the mass grave in the district of Angarsky in Volgograd. The battle started months later after Operation Barbarossa was started on 22 nd June, 1941. Like us all, PETER HITCHENS grew up Isabel Oakeshott receives 'menacing' message from Matt Hancock, Pavement where disabled woman gestured at cyclist before fatal crash, Mom who lost both sons to fentanyl blasts laughing Biden, Pro-Ukrainian drone lands on Russian spy planes exposing location, 'Buster is next!' These surrenders were despite the fact that Hitler had explicitly forbade any German soldier or officer to surrender. From the Kremlin came a new order to the Red Army: 'Not a step back . With the formation of the National Committee for a Free Germany and the League of German Officers, anti-Nazi POWs got more privileges and better rations. Both sides were chronically short of food and water. Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone/Getty ImagesThe Battle of Stalingrad resulted in over a million Soviet soldier and civilian casualties. Is paralegal higher than legal assistant? As a response, the Soviet 62nd Army fell back into the city center and prepared to make its stand against the German infantry. Which is the oldest language Sanskrit or Pali? The German soldiers deployed and attacked up the hill, but the heavy fire of Lyle Bouck's men made it impossible for the Germans to get up the hill, and they retreated. 36 Photos Of The Battle Of Stalingrad, The Biggest Clash In The History Of War. Have you ever wondered what life was like for a German soldier during one of the bloodiest battles of World War II, the Battle of Stalingrad? The Battle of Stalingrad (23 August 1942 - 2 February 1943) was a major battle on the Eastern Front of World War II where Nazi Germany and its allies unsuccessfully fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad (later renamed Volgograd) in Southern Russia.The battle was marked by fierce close-quarters combat and direct assaults on civilians in air raids, with the battle . Axis casualties during the Battle of Stalingrad are estimated to have been around 800,000, including those missing or captured. Captured German tanks southwest of Stalingrad, shown on April 14, 1943. It was also one of the bloodiest battles in modern history. On June 28, 1942, operations began with significant German victories. 'He wrote in his diary of seeing a terrible picture of destruction with dead bodies everywhere. Instead, Hellbeck quotes legendary Soviet sniper Vasily Zaytsev, who said that the sight of "the young girls, the children, who hang from the trees in the park" is what truly motivated the Soviet forces. While the initial Soviet response to Fall Blau was to maintain an orderly withdrawal and thus avoid the massive encirclements and troop losses that had characterized the early months of Operation Barbarossa, on July 28 Stalin issued Order No. During and after World War II freed POWs went to special filtration camps run by the NKVD. The views expressed in the contents above are those of our users and do not necessarily reflect the views of MailOnline. Within four days, they had encircled 300,000 Axis soldiers, trapped in a frozen wasteland in and around Stalingrad. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Hitler intervened in the operation again and reassigned Gen. Hermann Hoths Fourth Panzer Army from Army Group B to Army Group A to help in the Caucasus. On this day, in 1943, the last German units in Stalingrad surrender to the Soviets. The battle of Stalingrad began in August 1942, when German troops tried to take control of the city.

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